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| Age 12 to 20 (all teen years, + 1 before/after) |
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Developed by Margaret Mahler (1975)
Spans first two years of development
Autistic phase, Symbiotic phase, Separation-Individuation phase |
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| First phase of Mahler's Separation-Individuation; from 0-1 month |
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Second phase of Mahler's Separation-Individuation: 1-6 months
- Child is aware there is self and others
- Recognizes parents or friendly figures as separate beings
- Develops stranger anxiety towards end of phase |
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| Separation-Individuation Phase |
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3rd (final) stage of Mahler's theory: 6-24 months
Differentiation: 5-9 months
- stranger anxiety, self:non-self
Practicing: 9-12 months
Repproachment: 15-24 months
- regression of child back to parents
Object Constancy: 24+ months
- others are understood to exist, separation does not imply disappearance
Transitional Object (blanket, doll) |
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John Bowlby - 1936
Theory spans first 7 years of development;
Parallels Mahler's Separation-Individuation;
4 Phases of development |
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| Attachment Theory: Phase 1 |
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1-3 months
Indiscriminate smiling, Moro and grasp reflex |
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| Attachment Theory: Phase 2 |
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From 3-6 months
Infant shows increased selective response to 2-3 individuals, separates known people from strangers, touches teeth/hair/face of known people
Parallels Mahler's symbiotic phase |
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| Attachment Theory: Phase 3 |
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From 6 months to 3 years
Increased exclusive attachment to particular individual(s), stranger anxiety, at 8 months - follow parent by crawling
Overlaps Mahler's differentiation, practice, reapproachment and object constancy |
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| Attachment Theory: Phase Four |
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From 3 to 7 years
Partnership with parents and other individuals, less egocentric behavior |
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Freud: from birth to 11+ years
focus on biological drives in social context, conflict:anxiety-driven, 6 stages: oral, anal, phallic, Oedipal, latency, genital |
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| Psychodynamic - Oral phase |
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0-18 months (infancy)
Gratification stage - driven by basic urge for food, immediate fulfillment of desires |
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| Psychodynamic - Anal phase |
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In second year: 18-24 months
Attempt to acquire mastery of body/bodily functions |
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| Psychodynamic - Phallic Phase |
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2 years to 4 years
"I can..."
realization of independencef |
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| Psychodyanmic - Oedipal Phase |
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4 years to 6 years
Curiosity about adult life and outside world |
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| Psychodynamic - Latency Phase |
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7 to 11 years
School age; sexuality is under control; curiosity but not driven by urges |
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| Psychodynamic - Genital Phase |
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11+ years
Confidence and willingness to act like adult, driven by more hormonal urges |
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Piaget; focus on neurological development
4 stages: sensory-motor (0-2); Preoperational (3-6); Concrete operations (7-11); Formal operations (11+) |
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| Stages of Cognitive Development (Piaget) |
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Sensorimotor - self vs. environment
Preoperational - symbolic thought, meanings
Concrete operational - logical thought, organization of concepts
Formal operational - abstract thought, logic, hypothesis development (scientific thought)
-- Pragmatism/Relativism: added by later theorists |
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Kohlberg - spans birth to middle adulthood
0-15 years: preconventional morality - morality defined by punishment, negotiation/debate
15-20 years: conventional morality - concern beyond self, idea of "good person", expectations of behavior
16+ years: Postconventional morality - fairness and justice in society; understanding that morality may trump written law, separation of ethics vs. law |
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| Erikson - Psychosocial development (0-11) |
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The vs. Theory
Oral sensory (0-1yr): trust vs. mistrust
Muscular-anal (1-2yr): autonomy vs. shame/doubt
Locomotor-Genital (3-5yr): initiative vs. guilt
Latency (6-11yr): industry vs. inferiority |
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| Erikson - Psychosocial development (12-65+) |
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Adolescence (12-20): identity vs. role confusion
Early Adulthood (21-35): intimacy vs. isolation
Middle Adulthood (36-65): generativity vs. stagnation
Late Adulthood (65+): integrity vs. despair |
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