Term
| What is a fish? (definition) |
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Definition
| A Poikilothermic aquatic chordate with appendages (when present) developed as fins, whose chief respiratory organs are gills, and whose body is usually covered with scales. |
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Term
| Most fish live in what Region? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the largest fish? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is the father of ichthyology? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who created the system of binomial nomenclature? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the number of fish species in comparison to the number of tetrapod species. |
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Definition
| Fish outnumber tetrapods by almost 2:1 |
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Term
| How are fish fixed and preserved in museums? |
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Definition
| They are fixed with a solution of 10% formalin and preserved (stored) in ethanol. |
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Term
| Give three examples of top fish museums. |
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Definition
1) Washington D.C.'s National Museum of Natural History
2) California Academy of Sciences
3) Academy of Natural Sciences (Phiadelphia) |
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Term
| Why are museums important to ichthyologists? |
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Definition
| Museums conduct scientific research and interact strongly with the academic community. |
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Term
| What is the difference between the three types of categorization: Classification, Systemic, and Taxonomy? |
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Definition
Classification: Organizing into groups
Systemic: Relationships Through Time (large cladograms)
Taxonomy: Naming of Species |
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Term
| What is the difference between meristics, morphometrics, and anatomical methods of Classification? |
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Definition
Meristics: Quantitative (numbers)
Morphometrics: Measures (long, short, etc)
Anatomical: Qualitative (colors, textures) |
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Term
| What is the Morphospecies classification system? |
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Definition
| If it looks different, then it's a different species. |
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Term
| What is the Biological Species Concept? |
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Definition
| Potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups. |
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Term
| What is the Evolutionary species concept? |
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Definition
| A single lineage of ancestor-descendant populations with its own evolutionary identity. |
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Term
| What are phylogenetic systemics? |
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Definition
| A system that differentiates shared derived characters from convergent traits that do not indicate common ancestry. |
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Term
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Definition
| A system based on overall similarity that is no longer used. |
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Term
| What are Molecular systematics? |
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Definition
| Group based on DNA, a move away from phylogenetic methods. |
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Term
| What is the difference between apomorphies and plesiomorphies? |
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Definition
| Apomorphies are derived characters, plesiomorphies are ancestral. |
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Term
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Definition
| A shared derived character that defines a monophyletic group. |
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Term
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Definition
| A character that's present in only 1 taxon and not informative regarding relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| Characters that are shared as a result of convergent evolution and not common ancestry. |
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Term
| What are monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic groups? |
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Definition
Monophyletic: the common ancestor of species A and B and all of its descendants.
Paraphyletic: A common ancestor and some, but not all of its descendants.
Polyphyletic: derived from more than one ancestor |
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Term
| What are the 6 types of specimens that individuals base a taxon off of? |
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Definition
1) holotype
2) syntype
3) lectotype
4) neotype
5) paratype
6) paralectotype |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary individual upon which a species description is based. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a species description was based on several individuals (old) |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary specimen in a series of syntypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specimen that replaces lost or destroyed primary types |
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Term
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Definition
| Specimens that add to the holotype in the description of a new species |
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Term
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Definition
| The remainder of specimens in a series of syntypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ear bones that can help determine a fish's age. |
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Term
| What are the 4 kinds of fish mouth? Arrange them in order of top to bottom. |
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Definition
| Superior, Terminal, Subterminal(Inferior), Ventral |
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Term
| What is the Hyoid Complex? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are pharyngeal teeth and who has them? |
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Definition
| A modified branchial arch, eels. |
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Term
| How many circuits are in the cardiovascular system of the fish? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 types of scale and who has them? |
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Definition
Ganoid (Gar)
Placoid (Shark)
Cycloid (Advanced Fishes)
Ctenoid (Most Perciform Fishes) -- Means combed edge |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle segments in the fish that flake when you cook them. This class is twisted sometimes. |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of fish tail? |
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Definition
1) Heterocercal (vertebral column divided superiorly)
2) Homocercal (vertebral column in both lobes)
3) Rounded (no vertebral column in tail) |
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