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Ichthyology, MAR 380
Exam 3
43
Science
Undergraduate 3
11/29/2010

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Term
Who are the 1st vertebrates?
Definition
fish
Term
what did the first vertebrates have?
(hint: 4 things)
Definition
*Jaws
*Brains
*Appendages
*Internal organ system found in all vertebrates today
Term
How old is the oldest species?
Where was is found?
Definition
524 mill yrs old
Southwestern China
Term
-1st fishlike fossils appeared ~ 500 mya
-Heavy armor & bony scales on head and thorax
-Cartilage skeleton
-Suspension feeders (lack teeth or jaws)
Definition
Ostracoderms
(shell-skinned)
Term
Ostracoderms have how many superclasses?
Definition
4
Term
1)Pteraspidomorphi(jawless)
2)Anaspida(terminal mouth)
3)Thelodonti(terminal mouth)
4)Osteostracomorphi(jawless)
Definition
Ostracoderms
Term
Jamoytius (Anaspid group)
Definition
Agnathans
Term
Gnathostomes means
Definition
jaws
Term
Class Placodermi
(that thing that looks like a snapper turtle)
Definition
*Heavily armored or scale plated (30-50% of body)
*Benthic
*neck hinge; huge mouth
Term
Acanthodii(spiny sharks)
Definition
small marine of fresh water
Term
Acanthodii
Definition
primitive
Term
Sarcopterygii
Definition
lobe finned
(Thought to have initially diversified in the sea, returned to freshwater by late Devonian)
Term
Actinopterygii
Definition
ray finned
Term
Tiktaalik roseae
Definition
-Likely intermediate form between lobe-finned fishes and amphibians
~400 mya
-Fins have basic wrist bones and simple fingers
-Primitive lungs
Term
Evolution of Chondrichthyes
Definition
Ancestors’ had bone then went back to cartilage to reduce weight
Term
Pursuit – Chasing
a)Off shore
b)Near shore/Inshore
Definition
a)stream line, sliver, quick, lunate tail to maintain high speed, fusiform torpedo shaped body
b) marglunate tail for burst of speed
Term
what are some examples of Prey Immobilization?...
Definition
Billfish- uses its long bill to stare fish
Sawfish – uses teeth on its bill to kill fish
Torpedo ray- electricity to stun the fish
Archerfish
Term
What is a example of Speculative Search?
Definition
Goatfish-barbles on the surface to look for food
Term
Blending into the background is a example of...
Definition
(passive search)
Term
Lie in wait (bentic) or Aggressive Mimicry
Definition
*Modified first dorsal fin
*Cryptic body shape &color
*Large mouth
*Long backward facing teeth
*Lure (Esca)
Term
Lie in wait(water column)
(think Finding Nemo)
Definition
-Elongate, flexible bodies
-Long snouts
-Numerous, sharp teeth
Term
Thanatosis (death feigning)
Definition
- Drops to bottom and lies on side.
- Plays dead and attacks smaller fish.
- Moves on to new group.
- 7/30 mins
Term
Herbivores
Definition
-Long guts, high ingestion rates, highly acidic stomachs.
-Some possess endossymbiotic bacteria (surgeonfishes, sea chubs)
-Often territorial (damselfish)
Term
Achieving Invisibility
Countershading
Definition
Dark Dorsal / Light Ventral
Term
Achieving Invisibility
“Mirror sided”
Definition
-Reflecting platelets are
vertical within scales.
-Fish must remain vertical
- Causes flashes
Term
Achieving Invisibility
Transparency
Definition
Term
Avoiding pursuit
Definition
*Aposematic coloration- alerting that you have defends
*Going Air Borne- get away from the water
*Discouraging capture & handing- spines, ext.
Term
Group Living: Antipredator advantages
a)Shoaling:
b)Schooling:
Definition
a)swimming is unorganized
b)polarized, parallel, and swimming in the direction
Term
Fishes conunate with visual signals like...
Definition
-Movement / Posture
-Color
*adaptive signifinace to color
*red is common
Term
Disruptive colors or patterns on eye
Definition
- Intraspecific recognition
- Confuses predators
- Camouflage
- Disguise eye
- Eyespots on caudal peduncle
Term
Grinding hard structures (pharyngeal teeth, jaw teeth, bones in sockets, spines)
Definition
Stridulation
Term
using gas bladder to amplify sound
-attached muscles (fastest contractions of all verts)
-rubbed by adjacent hard structures (stridulation)
Definition
Dumming
Term
body movement creates sound
-Changing speed and direction; shoaling/schooling
-Byproduct, but can be detected by predators
Definition
Hydrodynamics
Term
Characteristics of Fish Nurseries
Definition
shallow (shelter, temp)
High primary production (also microbial production)
Term
Potential Nursery Habitat
Definition
-Sea Grass
-Mangrove
-Coral Reefs
-Any structed habitat

-Salt Marsh
Term
A habitat is a nursery for juveniles if:
its contribution per unit area to the production of individuals that recruitment to the adult population is greater, on average, than production from other habitats in which juveniles occur.
Definition
Nursery-Role Hypothesis
Term
Consideration of 4 factors
(Nurseries)
Definition
1) Density
2) Growth
3) Survival of Juveniles
4) Movement to adult habitat
(reproduction or ontogenetic habitat shift)
Term
Ecological Implications
- Resident taxa may undergo niche compression during summer months when transients are present (Ruiz et al., 1993).
- Time spent in the intertidal likely affects foraging success, risk of predation, and movement of energy between habitats.
- Temporal partitioning of intertidal habitat may reduce competition &/or predation and as a result, may contribute to high nekton abundance and the potential nursery function of salt marsh systems.
- Shallow water with a depth gradient is likely important to small nekton, especially in areas of declining structural refuge.
Definition
Term
Densities (#/tank)
Definition
Grass shrimp = 31
Mummichog = 29
Spot = 14
Pinfish = 3
White Mullet = 73
Term
Mesopelagic fish adaptations...
Definition
- Large eyes (up to 50% of head)
- Large pupils
- Elongates eyes
- Increases sensitivity
Term
-Low rates of metabolism & enzymatic reaction
-Eliminlation of heavy structres (bones,scales ect.)
-Elimination of body muscular
-Hovering behavior
-Surface neuromasts
Definition
Energy Conservation
Term
Habitat Alteration
*Modification/destruction of bottom type (woody debris, coral, trawling)
*Channelization (straightening length and smoothing sides)
*Dam building
*Watershed perturbation (groundwater, logging, siltation, temp change)
*Competition for water
Definition
Term
Established US authority over
- all fishing activities within 200 nm EEZ
- Anadromous fishes within entire US range
- all fishing on continental shelf
_____________________________________
- Mandate to establish optimal fishing yields
- Reauthorized in January, 2007
- Deadline to end ALL overfishing by 2011
- Uses market based incentive to replenish stocks (quotas)
Definition
Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, 1976
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