Term
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Definition
| control of the concentration of dissolved solids in watet |
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Term
| organs important for osmoregulation |
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Definition
| kidneys more important for for osmoregulation than for excretion, gills release nitrogenous waste. |
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Term
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Definition
| ex. hagfish, no regulation. often these species live in open ocean where the salt doesn't change. Use diffusion to put thier bodies in equilibrium with the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| maintain internal salt concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| tolerate narrow range or salinity |
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Term
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Definition
| tolerate wide range of salinity, often estuary species. |
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Term
| elasmobranchs - osmoregulation |
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Definition
| sharks, skates, rays. jack up total concentrations in the water by releasing urea (converted from amonia) in high concentrations. blood salts 1/3 that of sea waterh. urea, Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) with these two they can bring the concentrations of salt in their blood to that of around the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| actively secrete salts. work with sodium potassuim pump |
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Term
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Definition
| tissues are less salty than salt water and more salty than freshwater. 0.7-0.8% salt (SW - 3.5%, FW <.01%) |
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Term
| In saltwater, __ in and ___ out. |
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Definition
| In saltwater, water diffuses out of fish (across gill epithelia) and monovalent ions (Na+, Cl=, and K+) diffuse in. Fish deal with this by drinking seawater that replaces the water removed by osmosis. |
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Term
| In saltwater, kidneys.... |
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Definition
| Kidneys remove larger divalent ions (mg2+, SO4 2+) |
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Term
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Definition
| found in saltwater fish. reduced glomerulus. decreased urine production - divalent ions secreted into digestive tract. water conservation is important, little is released with urea. does not take blood plasma or a high volume of water into tubule. |
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Term
| Salt is excreted through.. |
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Definition
| Alpha chloride cells in gills |
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Term
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Definition
| SW FISH - pump cells out of the body. use active transport to set up Na gradient Cl ions enter cell with Na. found along gill filament. Sodium pumped in, but this increases chloride concentration. The chloride moves out into sea water and sodium follows. |
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Term
| In FW fish ___ diffuses... |
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Definition
water diffuses into fish (again across gill epithelia)
monovalent ions (Na, Cl, K) diffuse out. Osmoregulation works opposite from SW fish. |
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Term
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Definition
| produce copious dilute urine. More water is allowed in. here you do find glomerus leaking blood plasma into tubule. salt is pulled out and conserved. water is osmosing into gills and is released through excretory system. |
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Term
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Definition
| FW fish, absorb salt in gills. Cells work similarly to alpha chloride cells but now extract ions from the water. Associated with CO2 from the body. doesn't require as much ATP. more passive. |
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Term
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Definition
| spent part of life in salt water and part in fresh water. includes fish that migrate in both directions (anadromous - reproduce in FW, live in SW; catadromous - reproduce in SW, american eels) |
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Term
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Definition
| live where freshwater and salt water meet |
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Term
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Definition
| anadromous fish, experience physiological changes that start as young migrate downstream. these changes are triggered by cortizol which is a stress hormone. increases number of alpha chloride cells, which dump salt, also increases Na/K pumps. adults die and 'fertilize' the streams with the nutrients sequestered in salt water. |
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Term
| Fish depend on ... more than other inverts. |
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Definition
| protein. fish food has very little carbohydrates, but heavy on proteins. 10 essential amino acids are required in the diet and cannot be made by the fish's body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Important mostly for energy storage and reproduction. Females put large amounts of energy into eggs and yolk for the eggs. |
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Term
| Fish diets can be either... |
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Definition
| specialist or generalist. Feeding parts can be specialized as well. Shifts can occur over life cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| shift in feeding strategies of fish as they grow. almost all fish begin by feeding by zooplankton. |
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Term
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Definition
| used to crush food. located on pharyngeal jaws. can be canine or even molar like. ie - shell cracker fish has molar like teeth to crack shells. |
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Term
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Definition
| found in chondrichthyans and primitive teleosts. membranes on inside of intestine moves the food around, increases SA, and keeps food well mixed. |
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Term
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Definition
| come off anteriorly off arch, filter water. tooth like structures that filter out food. the finer the rakers the smaller the food. |
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Term
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Definition
| depends on prey type. ram feeding or suction feeding. |
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Term
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Definition
| open mouth while swimming, prey strained from water. usually for multiple items at once. often planktivorous, feeding on microscopic plant and animals. ex - shad and paddlefish |
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Term
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Definition
| dominate mode of feeding, individual prey are carried into mouth by water current generated by increasing the buccal cavity. some copepods can detect pressure changes and will jump out of the water to escape bluegills which will in turn change to ram feeding! |
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Term
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Definition
| prey size limited by mouth gape. Because of constant buucal volumeto suction feed you have to have a smaller tube shaped mouth which means you can't eat larger prey. |
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Term
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Definition
| feed on decaying matter, suckers |
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Term
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Definition
| feed on zoo or phytoplankton. often in larval fish and silversides |
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Term
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Definition
| feed on insects and other invertebrates. minnows, young piscivores. |
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Term
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Definition
| feeding on fish. bass, pike, salmon |
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Term
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Definition
| use mouth parts to bite off food from animals or the substrate. reef fishes, scale eaters. |
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Term
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Definition
| differ between carnivores (short <1 standard length), omnivores (1-3 SL), and herbivores (long > 3 SL). easier to break down tissue and muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| tip of head to end of hypural plate. |
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Term
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Definition
| related to temperature. Passage rate is usually 6-8 hours during the summer and increases double or tripple with a 10˚C increase. also affected by food type digestibility. |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy stored in protein and fat, must less glycogen than in other verts. Protein is stored in new tissue, can be utilized in periods of starvation. to know how much energy is in a fish you have to do to protien and lypid analysis |
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Term
| Chemical Composition - effect of food |
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Definition
| Food habits control the chemical composition of fishes. 'you are what you eat' One ramification is bioaccumulation (biomagnification), another is color pigments from their diet. |
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Term
| bioaccumulation/biomagnification |
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Definition
| - some items in the diet have other items within their body. bluegill eats a daphnia with some mercury in it's body. the lipids and tissues of the daphnia are broken down but the mercury will just go into the fatty areas of the fish and stay there. |
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Term
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Definition
| Important for aquaculture. [wt of food/wt gain] So how many pounds of food do you need to feed to a fish for it to grow a pound? You want a low conversion ratio so you'd feed fish on the lower end. Also affected by temp. |
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Term
| Food Conversion efficiency |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| change in wt or length/change in time (g or m/d). no size consideration so you can't compare the growth of differently sized fish. theres a difference in a 1 gram growth in a 10 and 100 gram fish. |
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Term
| Relative Growth Rate (Grel) |
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Definition
| Ga/initial weight - % per day |
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Term
| Specific Growth Rate (SGR) |
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Definition
| = ae^gt. working formula = (log e Wf - log e Wi)/(tf - ti) X 100. won't be responsible for. |
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Term
| Von Bertalanffy Growth Function |
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Definition
| works for wt or length data. best estimator of growth curve based on initial and final lengths. tells how large you can expect a fish to be at any give age WITHIN a population. |
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Term
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Definition
| scales, otoliths (require death of fish, but in YOY you can actually tell how many days old a fish is), length - frequency distributions. require validation and can use back calculation. Oxytetracycline. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to robustness using weight and length. tells you how heavy the fish is for it's length. |
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Term
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Definition
| (wt x 100). length^3 (g/cm^3). usually around 1. one problem is that this is effected by the basic shape of the fish, because it assumes that the fish's basic body form does not change over time. not a health reference. |
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Term
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Definition
| often used instead of Condition factor. uses equation specific to species which allows a comparison of fish of different size. (actual weight/standard weight). can be used to compare among species! |
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Term
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Definition
| smell. nares - often a pit with a flap of skin. not connected to phalanx. water just flows into pit. connected by first cranial nerve. important for feeding, migration, and defense (schreckeoff- fish detect predators in environment) |
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Term
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Definition
| structure rich in receptor cells and directly attached to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
chemoreception. taste buds found in mouth, parynx, exterior surfaces. detect salts, amino acids. more sensitive than humans.
9/10 for internal taste buds. 7th cranial nerve for external taste buds. Paired chemoreceptors used to find prey. Whiskers in catfish actually full of tastebuds |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanoreceptor, send signal to brain when shape is changed in some cellular appendage such as hair. |
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Term
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Definition
| detects movement of water or subtle movement of fluids. hair cells all around one cupula. if cupula moves the hair cells will send signals to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
neuromasts in a canal under scales
(CN 10 and 7 for facial area) signified by hole in scales. jelly filled canal runs underneath the scales, scales with pore allows information from surface to reach neuromasts along the line. animal can tell by sequence of neuromast stimulation the direction of movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| located on skin surface, gives information about the fish's body movement. |
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Term
| Acoustico-lateralis system |
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Definition
| involved in orientation of body (relative to gravity and direction) and hearing (CN 7) |
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Term
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Definition
| set of three semi-circular canals set in three planes, and three otoliths. allows movement detection. otoliths are attached to chamber by hair cells, so when it moves it stimulates hair cells. Hagfish have one semi-circular canal, Lampreys have two |
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Term
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Definition
| semicircular canals and utriculus otolith. as body rotates endolymph rotates in canals and stimulates a neuromast in the ampullae. (pitch, yaw, roll) Orientation! |
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Term
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Definition
| contains utricular otolith for gravity detection |
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Term
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Definition
| sacculus and legena. contain otoliths used in sound detection which are supported by cilia in the chamber. Otoliths move at different frequencies when hit by sound waves than the tissue that surrounds it. |
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Term
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Definition
| transmits sound vibrations from swim bladder to otoliths. |
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Term
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Definition
| extensions of swim bladder near inner ear, bypass weberian apparatus |
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Term
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Definition
| detection of electrical currents, mainly in primitive bony fishes. often found in murky waters. often generated in caudal peduncle. |
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Term
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Definition
| sharks, skates, rays. organs of Lorenzini. Sensory cells at base of canal. Detects other organisms electrical impulses generated by muscle movement. |
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Term
| Gymnotiformes and Mormyrifomes |
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Definition
| two groups known for electroreception. generate weak electric fields - detect objects in water while maintaing straight body shape |
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Term
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Definition
| located at top of brain, detects light/dark. very important for reproduction. lots of light gets through the fish skull. |
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Term
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Definition
| typical vertebrate eye (CN 2). normally best vision is up close. focusing is better in predators. lens moves back and forth to focus. pigmented cells allow for adjusting of light let in. in low light then you want all of the light to reach the photosensitive cells so cones and rods are in front of pigments. in high light the rods migrate down into pigmented layer. |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with depth. cones - color, rods - brightness. cone #s decrease with species depth. |
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Term
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Definition
| same thing as corioid, reflective layer that bounces light back out for a second chance. |
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Term
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Definition
| separate males and females. sexual dimorphic (intromittent organs, turbcles, kype), sexual dichromatism. |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals can produce egg or sperm sequential hermaphrodites. generally these gametes will not be produced at the same time, rather during different life stages. protandrous/protogynous |
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Term
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Definition
| sperm penetrates egg to stimulate division but no DNA is contributed to the young. eggs aren't truly gametes. Texas Silverside, often called sexual parasites. |
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Term
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Definition
| sperm made first, then eggs at a later point in life. advantage is that sperm is inexpensive so more energy can go to growth rather than reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| females then may switch to males later one. often found in territorial fish (reef fish) where only a few males get to reproduce. males protect harem of females. dominant females often make the switch. |
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Term
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Definition
| vary in shape. released through the vent (milt) sperm is activated by water. |
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Term
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Definition
| vary greatly in size (.5 mm - 8 cm) often inversely related to number produced. Energy stores - yolk and oil. Must sustain embryo until it can forage on it's own. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of producing the ova. arrested in prophase I advances to metaphase II at ovulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| liver produces vitellogenin (protein, good source of energy in the egg) estrogen is another important hormone that deals with the timing of all of these processes (seasonal timing) |
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Term
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Definition
| Zona radiata (non cellular layer), Transitional cells (individual cells from the female's body that surround the ova, usually remains at ovary during ovulation) |
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Term
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Definition
sturgeons and paddlefish - gymnovarian
most bony fishes - cystovarian |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| live bearing - egg maintained in body |
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Term
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Definition
| Live bearing - young receive nutrients from mother |
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Term
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Definition
| often in sturgeons and paddlefish, eggs are released from the ovary into the body cavity of the animal. must be a way for the eggs to reach the environment, so ovaduct will have opening in body cavity that leads to environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| ovaduct is connect to ovaries, so eggs are funneled directly out the vent into the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| floating, less dense than water. sometimes in bubble nest. (cod, beta) adaptation for fish that live in open ocean, if the eggs were too dense they'd sink too deep and they would hatch too deep for nutrients to reach. buoyant eggs hatch in food rich environment. betas live in oxygen gradient waters so floating eggs are in water with higher DO levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| need water flow. fish are often spawning in river systems and even gentle flow keeps the eggs off of the bottom. (striped and white bass) eggs must be laid far enough upstream from a reservoir for the young to develop and hatch. |
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Term
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Definition
| heavy, often sticky and can be attached to the substrate. parents will often guard these eggs. |
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Term
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Definition
| amonia through the gills. We use uria to conserve H20...obviously unnecessary for de fish. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reproductive Strategy. Pelagic spawners, benthic spawners, spawners on plants, brood hiders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reproductive Strategies. protect eggs until the hatch. non nest builders, nest builders (sand froth hole) |
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Term
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Definition
| viviparous or ovoviviparous. carry embryos while they develop (external or pouch) |
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