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Acanthuridae

Surgeonfish

coral reef,large swim bladder

herbivorous, schooling

-knifesharp scales on caudal

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Saccopharyngiformes

-"gulpers","sac-mouth"

-major synapomorphy with anguilliformes, elopiformes and notocanthiformes is leptocephalus larva

-shallow tropical marine, few FW

-15+ branchiostegals

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Stomiiformes

Viperfish-bite your stoma like a viper

-bathypelagic, less than 40 cm, light organs

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Ophidiiformes

"snake form"-pearlfish

deep sea bottom,FW and marine caves,tidepools,inside sea cukes

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Mugiliformes

mullets- shallow water, catadramous

-temperate and tropical

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Atheriniformes

rainbowfish,silversides,grunions

-arrow body-"Arrow in the artery"

-schooling, internal fert. and live bearing

-abundant in FW and marine shallow water

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Beloniformes

Needlefish,flying fish,halfbeak

-surface marine waters

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Beryciformes

orange roughy,lanterneyes

-coral reef,nocturnal,deep sea mounts

-long lived(158 years)

-fossil record from Mesozoic

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Gasterosteiformes

Sticklebacks,seahorses, pipefish

marine and FW

-live bearing and carry young

-complex nest behaviour

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Synbranchiformes

swamp eels

-FW Asia, Africa, Australia, SAmerica

-convergent on anguilliformes

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Dactylopteriformes

'finger wing'- flying gurnard

-coral reefs

vocalize with hyomandibular stridulation

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Scorpaenidae

Lionfish,rockfish

-head and fin spines

can live up to 210 years(rougheye)

-mainly Pacific and Indian oceans

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Anoplopomatidae

blackcod or sablefish

-North Pacific, benthic

-high oil content

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Hexagrammidae

Greenlings

-rocky shore and kelp bed predator

-lateral lines

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Cottidae

sculpins,cabezons,irish load

-shallow marine water

large pectorals, no Swim bladder

2 FW species

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Rhamphocottidae

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Triglidae

gurnards, sea robins

vocal

-modified pectoral for digging

-North atlantic

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Agonidae

sturgeonpoacher, alligator fish

-causes `agon`y by poaching

-North pacific

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Cyclopteridae

lumpsuckers and snailfish

arctic and temperate marine

modified pelvic fins=sucker

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Serranidae

groupers,seabass

-ambush predators,hermaphrodites

-warm shallow marine waters(coralreefs)

-FW- striped bass

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Centrarchidae

pumpkinseed,sunfish, bass

-warm FW lakes in N.America

dominant carnivores east of Rockies

-males dig and defend nests

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Percidae

perch,walleye,darter

FW(90% in N.America)

important predators

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Apogonidae

bigeye,cardinal fish,tamarins

nocturnal,large eyes

mainly coral reef,occasionally trop.FW

-mouth brooders

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Echeneidae

remoras,sharksuckers

-tropical marine

modified dorsal fin=sucker

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Coryphaenidae

dolphinfish,mahi mahi

-cory the dolphin

-large open ocean predators

-often gold in colour(dorado)

-feed on flying fish

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Carangidae

Jacks and pompanos

`carangiform`

fast swimmers

schooling fish, trop. marine

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Lutjanidae

snapper

-triangular symmetrical head

-coral reef generalist predator

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Haemulidae

sweetlips,grunts

coral reef, schooling

nocturnal, noisy(pharyngeal jaws and SB)

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Sparidae

porgies,sheepshead

-coral reef-subtropical

large pharyngeal jaws for mollusc crushing

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Sciaenidae

drums and croakers

-coral reef bottom feeders,turbid rivers

-juveniles with extended dorsal

-vocal , large otoliths

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Mullidae

goatfish

-coral reef bottom feeder

large schools

-chin barbels

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Toxotidae

archerfish

shallow surface waters, FW Asia

optical corrections-shoots water

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Chaetodontidae

Butterflyfish

-laterally compressed, coral reef

-tiny mouth with brush-like teeth

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Pomocanthidae

Angelfish

operculum spine

feeds on sponges and algae

-coral reefs

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Cichlidae

Cichlids, discus-fish

temperate and tropical FW

-African great lakes

-trophic/pharyngeal specializations

complex courtship,buccal fertilization and mouth brooding

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Embiotocidae

surfperch

-northwest pacific, mostly marine

zooplankton and inverts

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Pomacentridae

damselfish, clownfish

-coral reef

-algae gardens

-mucous protects clownfish from anemones

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Labridae

Wrasses

-mainly tropical and coral reef

-some in temperate N.Atlantic

-2nd largest family in Perciformes

-sex determined by social rank

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Scaridae

Parrotfish

coral reef, coral-eater

-parrot-like bill, hermaphrodites

-mucous bubble at night

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Zoarcidae

eelpouts

-deepwater bottom dweller

temperate and arctic, mostly N.hemisphere

-ambiguous phylogentic position

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Stichaeidae

Pricklebacks, warbonnets

intertidal, eel-like bottom dwellers

-primarily north pacific

-convergent on anguilliformes

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Pholidae

Gunnels

intertidal eel-like bottom dwellers

primarily N.Pacific

convergent on Anguilliformes

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Anarhichadidae

wolf eels

naked, no pelvics

N.pacific and atlantic

molars and conical teeth

-feed on invertebrates

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Nototheniidae

cod icefish-Patagonian toothfish(Chilean seabass)

-Antarctic

-benthic, no swim bladder

-predatory

-fatty/oily

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Channichthyidae

Crocodile icefish

antarctic and benthic

anti-freeze glycoproteins

no haemoglobin, myoglobin, and high oxygen levels

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Uranoscopidae

Stargazer

shallow waters, most oceans

-poisonous spines and electric stunning organ

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Ammodytidae

sandlances

-high length to depth ratio 10:1

diurnal schooling, planktonivorous

-north pacific and atlantic

-very important food for many organisms

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Blennidae

Combtooth blennies

shallow water, widespread in temperate(NAtlantic intertidal) and tropics

-blunt heads

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Gobiesocidae

Clingfish

tadpole shaped

shallow waters of atlantic,pacific and indian

pelvic fins=sucker

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Gobiidae

Gobies and mudskippers

2nd largest family of fishes

-shallow marine and FW, bottom dwellers

blunt head, protruding dorsal eyes

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Zanclidae

Moorish Idol

-convergent on butterfly fish

-coral reefs of Indo-pacific

-closely related to Acanthuridae

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Sphyraenidae

Barracuda

-tropical shallow waters

-top level predator

-no gill rakers

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Scombridae

Tuna and mackerel

-highspeed epipelagic predators

-tropical to temperate

-seasonal migration in Eastern Atlantic

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Xiphiidae

swordfish

-bill is enlarged maxillae

-high speed fish on tuna

-fastest fish

-epipelagic, temperate-tropical

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Belontidae

Gouramis, fighting fish

-labyrinthine(suprabranchial) organ for air breathing

-FW tropical

-males build frost nests for eggs

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Channidae

Snakeheads

-look similar to bowfin

-labyrinthine organ for air-breathing

-can tolerate hours out of water

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Pleuronectidae

-halibut

marine continental shelf, rarely FW

-asymmetric head and body

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Bothidae

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Balistidae

Triggerfish

coral reef-eats small inverts

trigger=dorsal spine

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Monacanthidae

Filefish

-coral reef habit

-algae eaters

-partial ability to inflate

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Ostracidae

Boxfish

-coral reef habitat

-strong bony plate covering

-feed on algae and small inverts

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Diodontidae

Porcupine fish

-spines, neurotoxins

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Tetraodontidae

Pufferfish

coral reef

-neurotoxin in body tissue(from bacteria)

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Molidae

-mola mola / sunfish

-replacement of bone with cartilage

-r-strategists

-mesopelagic and surface waters

-eat jelly and leptocephalus larvae