Term
Natural Sources of CO
Human Sources of CO |
|
Definition
Oxidation of methane as plant material degrades
Natural forest fires
Incomplete combustion of fuels
Forest Fires |
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Term
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Definition
Lean burn engines- more air to insure complete oxidation of fuel
Catalytic converter
Thermal exhuast reactor- heat make CO react with more air |
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Term
Natural sources of SO2
and SO3
Human sources of SO2
and SO3 |
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Definition
Volcanic eruptions
Sea Spray
Biological Decay of organic matter containing sulfur
Reduction of Sulphates
Coal burning power stations- coal formed from decayed plant/animal material with sulfur of iron (IV) sulfide
Roasting of metal sulfides |
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Term
| Methods to reduce SO2 and SO3 |
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Definition
Removal of sulphur from fuel
Use coal with low sulphur content
Use alternative sources of energy
Fluidized combustion bed- reacted with Calcium Carbonate
Alkaline scrubbing- passed through a stream of liquid with a chemical that will react with that gas. Calcium Carbonate, Magnesium Oxide, Magnesium Hydroxide. |
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Term
Natural Sources of NO and NO2
Human Sources of NO and NO2 |
|
Definition
Electrical storms
Decomposition of organic matter containing nitrogen.
Nitrus oxide, formed as a result of bacteria in soil, decomposes with light.
Combustion of fossil fuels- high temperatures turn nitrogen to nitrogen dioxide
Excess use of fertilizers with nitrogen |
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Term
| Methods to reduce NO and NO2 |
|
Definition
Catalytic converters
Less driving
Alternative fuels
Lean burn engines- more air in the ratio of fuel to air (prone to explosions, more HC, higher temperatures means more NO)
Recirculation of exhaust gasses to cool them and reduce nitrogen oxide production |
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Term
Natural Sources of Particulates
Human Sources of Particulates |
|
Definition
Volcanic eruptions
Forest fires
Soot, Dust, Ash, Smoke
Burning of fuels
Forest fires
Industrial emissions
Incinerators
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Term
| Methods of reducing particulates |
|
Definition
Electrostatic precipitator- the particles are passed through an electric field and given a charge. Then the air is passed over electrodes to attract the particulates
Wet scrubbers- water spray washes particulates from exhaust gas. |
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Term
Natural sources of VOCs
Human sources of VOCs |
|
Definition
Methane-anaerobic decomposition of organic matter
Leakage from natural fossil reserves
Plants like terpenes
Natural fires
Evaporation of fuels
Partial combustion of fuels
Leakage from storage reservoirs
Extraction and transfer of petroleum |
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Term
| Methods for reducing VOCs |
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Definition
Catalytic converter- unburned hydrocarbons are oxidized into carbon dioxide and water
2 C8H18 + 25 O2 ---> 16 CO2 + 18 H2O |
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Term
| State the equations for the production of Carbon Monoxide |
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Definition
2C + O2 --> 2CO
2CH4 + 3O2 --> 2CO +4H2O |
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Term
| State the equation for the production of sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide |
|
Definition
S + O2 --> SO2
2SO2 + O2 --> 2SO3 |
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Term
| Equation for the reaction that takes place in the Fluidized Combustion Bed |
|
Definition
CaCO3 --> CaO + CO2
CaO + SO2 --> CaSO3 |
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Term
| Equation for Alkaline Scrubbing |
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Definition
| CaCO3 + SO2 --> CaSO3 + CO2 |
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Term
| Equations for the formation of NO and NO2 |
|
Definition
O2 + N2 --> 2NO
2NO + O2 --> 2NO2
OR
NO + O3 --> NO2 + O2
OR
N2O --> N2 + 2NO |
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Term
| Why is rain water naturally acidic? (Equation) |
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Definition
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Term
| How can coal burning contribute to acid rain? (Equation) |
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Definition
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Term
| How does acid rain effect marble and limestone? (Equation) |
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Definition
| CaCO3 + H2SO3 --> CaSO3 + H2O + CO2 |
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Term
| How can Calcium Oxide neutralize acid rain? (Equation) |
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Definition
| CaO + 2HNO2 --> Ca(NO3)2 + H2O |
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Term
| Catalytic Converter Equation |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three primary pollutants produced by an automobile and how are they produced? |
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Definition
CO- incomplete combustion
NO- high temperatures
Hydrocarbons- evaporating unburned fuel |
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Term
| Lean Burn Engine Equation |
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Definition
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Term
Equations for the:
Formation of Ozone
Depletion of Ozone |
|
Definition
O2 + UV radiation --> 2O*
O2 + O* --> O3
O3 --> O2 + O*
O* + O3 --> 2O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of oxygen needed to decompose the organic waste at a certain temperature over a certain period of time |
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Term
| What would be formed when Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfure are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria? |
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Definition
| Methane, Ammonia, and Hydrogen Sulfide |
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Term
| Why are HFCs better than CFCs? |
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Definition
Less reactive
Less toxic
Less flammable
Do not absorb IR radiaition
No C-Cl bonds |
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Term
| What are Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary pollution treatment? |
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Definition
Primary- Filtration of large objects
Secondary- aeration or activated sludge (getting rid of organic material using oxygen and bacteria)
Tertiary- Precipitation (removing heavy metal ions using phosphates and Ca(OH)2) |
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Term
| What chemicals damage the ozone layer and where do they come from? |
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Definition
CFCs- refridgerators, air conditioners, aerosoles
Halide compounds
Nitrogen Oxides- combustion like aircraft |
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Term
| How can particulates combat global warming and why doesn't this work? |
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Definition
Dark colored particles absorb heat from the sun and light colored particles reflect it.
Aerosol particles do not stay in the air very long while global warming gasses can last decades. |
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Term
| What happens to molecules when they absorb IR radiation? |
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Definition
| They vibrate, heating the earth. |
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Term
| What are important greenhouse gasses? |
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Definition
| CO, Nitrogen Oxides, Sulfur Dioxide, and Hydrocarbons |
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Term
| What are the pros of distillation and osmosis? |
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Definition
| Osmosis is cheaper, but distillation purifies water more completely. |
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Term
| Should ozone or chlorine be used to treat drinking water? |
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Definition
Chlorine is cheaper to dispose of.
Ozone is cheaper in the long run because it works 3000 times faster and is much better at disinfecting the water. |
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Term
| Explain the dependence of oxygen and ozone dissociation on the wavelength of the light. |
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Definition
| The oxygen bond is stronger than the ozone bond. It needs a higher frequency wavelength to dissociate than ozone does. |
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