Term
|
Definition
| form of glucose found in liver and muscle |
|
|
Term
Main storage form of glucose in body
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
process by which hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated fatty acids making solid more solid at room temp
creates trans fatty acids in process |
|
|
Term
| 3 body processes after consuming food |
|
Definition
Digestion
Elimination
Absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| main enzyme for breaking down carbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which an amine is transferred from one amino acid to another |
|
|
Term
| Transamination makes_______ |
|
Definition
| non-essential amino acids are made by the process of_________ |
|
|
Term
| Insulin is secreted by___ |
|
Definition
| beta cells in pancreas secrete |
|
|
Term
| Insulin lowers blood sugar by |
|
Definition
| causing cells to take in glucose |
|
|
Term
| Primary protein structure refers to |
|
Definition
| sequence of amino acids refers to |
|
|
Term
| Secondary structure of amino acids |
|
Definition
| Alpha helixes and beta strands make up the _______structure of amino acids |
|
|
Term
| Tertiary structure refers to |
|
Definition
3D structure of a protein molecule
secondary structures are made into compact globule
polypeptide chain |
|
|
Term
| Quaternary structure of protein molecule refers to |
|
Definition
| 2 or more polypeptide chains together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which triglycerides are broken down into glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in lipolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
process of making larger, more complex molecules from smaller ones
ex: storing glucose as glycogen
predominant reaction after a meal |
|
|
Term
| Lactic acid is metabolized from_____ when? |
|
Definition
| glucose is metabolized into______in absence of oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process in which glucose molecule is broken down into 2 pyruvate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which fatty acids are broken down into 2-carbon segments forming Acetyl CoA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most abundant carb in diet |
|
Definition
| Glucose is most abundant_____in diet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protein deficiency disease
characterized by: distended abdomen
muscle wasting
weight loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases blood glucose levels when glucose is low |
|
|
Term
| Hormone secreted by a-cells of pancreas |
|
Definition
| Glucagon is secreted by______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which amine group is removed from amino acid producing ammonia and a keto acidw for use in glucose synthesis or TCA cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ammonia and a keto acid is produced in which process? |
|
|
Term
| Amine group of amino acids contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major form of lipid in diet |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of lipids in body |
|
Definition
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Sterols |
|
|
Term
| Triglycerides are made up of... |
|
Definition
| 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol backbone make up... |
|
|
Term
| fatty acids are made up of... |
|
Definition
| carbon and hydrogen atoms with a carboxyl/acid group at the end |
|
|
Term
| MUFA's and PUFA's are______@ room temp |
|
Definition
| fatty acids that are liquid at room temp. |
|
|
Term
Difference in fatty acid chains
Saturated, MUFA's and PUFA's |
|
Definition
saturated-hydrogen atom surrounds every carbon in chain
MUFA's-one less hydrogen atom and one double bond
PUFA's- >1 double bond |
|
|
Term
| Unsaturated fatty acids are_____@ room temp. |
|
Definition
| fatty acids that are solid at room temp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long chains of amino acids connected by peptide bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expression in the same as |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when messenger RNA copies genetic info from DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic info in mRNA is converted into amino acid sequence of a protein when it binds to tRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when two or more incomplete proteins combine to make a complete protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a protein has insufficiency in amino acids |
|
|
Term
| protein digestion begins in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hydrocholoric acid and protein digestion
|
|
Definition
| denatures protein strands and activates Pepsin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that breaks down proteins into short polypeptides and amino acid chains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone that controls Hydrochloric Acid production and Pepsin release |
|
|
Term
| proteases complete digestion of______in________ |
|
Definition
| -proteins in small intestine |
|
|
Term
| polypeptides are broken down into smaller units by |
|
Definition
| proteases break down_______into smaller units |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pancreatic enzymes in protein digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ______bolism releases energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____bolism requires energy |
|
|
Term
| Old cells or tissues broken down for replacement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Potential energy is stored in _______bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic compound used by cells for energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which a large molecule is broken down with addition of water |
|
|
Term
| Hydrolysis is a ____bolic process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Condensation is an _____bolic process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which sub-units combine to form larger, more complex molecule with water by-product |
|
|
Term
| Condensation vs. Hydrolysis |
|
Definition
make larger molecule-releases water
make smaller molecule-uses water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which high energy phosphate bonds in ATP are broken |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| addition of phosphate group to compound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-proteins needed for enzyme activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minerals required for enzyme activity |
|
|
Term
| Energy from fat: Glycerol is converted to _________in liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If glucose exceeds energy needs it is... |
|
Definition
| ________is stored as Triglycerides in adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| When glucose is transported to liver: |
|
Definition
it is phosphorylated and metabolized for use by other cells
stored as glycogen in muscle tissue
converted to fatty acids and stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| glucose is stored as _________ in muscle tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after glycolysis pyruvate is aerobically converted to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Breakdown of Triglycerides for energy |
|
Definition
Triglyceride + Lipase=Glycerol+ 3 fatty acids(to blood)
Glycerol=pyruvate in liver
Pyruvate=Acetyl CoA + Glucose
Glucose is released into circulation for other cells or stored as glycogen(muscle)
or converted to fatty acids and stored as Triglycerides in adipose tissues |
|
|
Term
| After glycolysis pyruvate is anaerobically converted to ________in liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Glycolysis then pyruvate to 2 Acetyl Coa is beginning of_____ |
|
|
Term
| Acetyl CoA joins________before entering TCA cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carbohydrates contribute_________to TCA cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed from Acetyl Coa in absence of Oxaloacetate to continue TCA cycle |
|
|
Term
| Absence of________stops entry of Acetyl Coa to TCA cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phospholipids are made up of |
|
Definition
Glycerol backbone
2 fatty acids
phosphate on glycerol backbone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lipoprotein made by enterocytes
transport lipids from meal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transports lipids for absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transports cholesterol to blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transports cholesterol from tissues back to liver |
|
|
Term
| HDL transports ________from tissues to ________to be secreted as_______ |
|
Definition
-cholesterol
tissues
bile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscular contractions that that move food through GI tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscles that control movement of food from one GI organ to next |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lipids that maintain integrity of cell membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process that can make fatty acid chains from carbs, amino acids, and alcohols |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protects stomach cells from auto-digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inherited disease affects respiratory and GIT
secretion of thick, sticky mucous that interferes with absorption of nutrients from GIT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| predominant rxn during fasting/starvation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produced in liver
emulsifies fats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lipid digesting enzymes are secreted by |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| converts free radicals into less damaging substances such as hydroogen peroxide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removes hydrogen peroxide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
