Term
| Tropical Rainforest- Where, why, species richness |
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Definition
Where: Amazon, Congo, SE Asia
Why: Orographic Precipitation & ITCZ
Species Richness: 1 hectare= 300 species of trees, SPECIES PACKING- almost every tree is super rare everywhere; Tall(60m), multi-layered canopy, poor soil. |
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Term
| Cloud forests- Where, why, species richness |
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Definition
i. Where: anywhere in tropics where there are mountains; Andes, central America, Borneo, New Guinea.
ii. Why: Orographic Precipitation
iii. Species richness: 200/hectar(trees), highest diversity of epiphytes
iv. Structure: sloped, lots of gaps, very dynamic w/ landslides, storms. |
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Term
| Tropical dry forests- Where, why, species richness |
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Definition
i. Where: Subtropics, dry season
ii. Why: ITCZ dry season, rain shadow
iii. Species richness: 75 species/hectar(trees)
iv. Structure: 30 meters, short canopy, deciduous leaves
v. Disturbance: human development |
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Term
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Definition
| -is a plant that grows upon another plant (such as a tree) non-parasitically |
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Term
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Definition
-type of epiphyte
-Pineapple!
-OVER 3000 SPECIES IN tropical america |
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Term
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Definition
-fig family
-Alternate, Latex, Conical terminal stipule
-Ecology: hemi-epiphyte or Sprangler, flower is inside out. |
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Term
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Definition
Silk Flock tree family
-Columnar trunk & spreading crown, palmate leaves, spines on trunk, large showy flowers |
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Term
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Definition
Pea/Legume family
-Pinante leaves
- groups based on Flower; Acacia= puff ball, Bauhinia= open flower, Erythrina= pea like flower |
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Term
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Definition
| PALM TREES- error if you can't remember it |
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Term
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Definition
-Tropical snap dragons!
-Opposite compound leaves, tubular flower
-Big nose Jacaranda! |
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Term
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Definition
-Eucalyptus
-Opposite, entire simple leaves, punctuation unique to metrosideros or ohia tree
-Easy to family hard to genus |
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Term
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Definition
-Jasmine Family
-Always simple entire opposite, latex |
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Term
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Definition
-Coffee
-Simple entire opposite, stipules, small leafy outgrowth at base of lead or stalk, usually occurring in pairs
- Most common tree and shrub species on campus are Gardenia and Coffee
-found in cloud forests in central/south america. |
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Term
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Definition
-Mango, Cashew
-Compound leaves, smells like terpintine
-Some speices: poison oak, mango, poison wood tree, brazilian pepper |
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Term
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Definition
| -Ancient family of conifer |
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Term
| What is the history of herptofauna? |
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Definition
-350 millions years old
-1st amphibians 300 million years old
-dominated 100 milion years
-amphibians breath through skin, where we get our lips
-AMPLEXUS- male fertilizes eggs that come out of female
-Need water
-Genus Identified by finger digit or jawbone, or sounds.
-VISUAL ENCOUNTER METHOD: Set up 20m plot and go out day/night and survey all amphibians seen. |
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Term
| What is the class of amphibians, how many species, what are the threats to species? |
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Definition
-Class: Amphia
-4200 species of amphians, most in tropics- columbia, brazil, mexico
-Threats: habitat destruction(water quality), increase in UV light, fungus(30% of all amphibians effected by CHYTRIDIUMYCOSIS)
**1/3 of the 266 turtle species are threatened.** |
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Term
| Families of amphibians: Tree frog, Poison dart frog, toads, glass frog, afro-asiatic |
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Definition
Tree frog= Hylidae
Poison arrow dart frog= Dendrobates
Toads- Cane toads brought 100 to Australia to eat beetles, in 6 months there was 6000(1 toad=20,000 eggs), poisonous, kills house pets
-Glass frog= see through
-Afro-asian= Can fly with webbed digits |
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Term
| Define Reptiles/difference from amphibians & how many?: Interesting facts on Turtles, Gecko, Basilisk |
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Definition
-Dry skin overed w/ scales; 8224 species
c. Evolved over amphibians and dominated due to:
i. Water-resistant skin
ii. Better lungs- don’t breath through skin like amphibians
iii. Cold-blooded- based on environmental temperature.
iv. Amniotic egg- ideal for living in warmer/drier environment
-Turtles= oldest reptiles, Turtle=small/Tortoise= Large; 1/3 endangered due to mostly to pet trade, and medicine/food; Bottom of turtle shell called PLASTRON.
-Geckos 1st thing you see in tropics
-Basilisk- CAN WALK ON WATER! upto 20 meters. |
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Term
What family of snakes is most found in CA?
what are some old world/new world species of snake that are similar?
-How to tell a coral snake? |
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Definition
-Coluridae= 1800 species, if you see a snake in CA probably from this family.
-Coral snake= red on yellow kills a fellow; red on black from of jack!
-Constrictors: Boa(new world)/ Pythons(old world) |
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Term
| Order/History of alligators |
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Definition
Order= Crocodilia- 23 speices
-Crocs have small snouts, alligators have large
-Alligators: b. Alligators: very common in the South, have calls, temperature of egg determines sex(temp-90-93= male; 82-89=female), alligators bury eggs in holes, top of hole is male, bottom is female. |
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Term
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Definition
Old World, change color, ultimate eye for cheating(look in all directions), tounge is longer than body
MADAGASCAR has most endemism |
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Term
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Definition
| Lots of flying reptiles: frog, snake, Komoto Dragon- during ice age monitor lizards made it to isolated islands and grew HUGE to fill niche of tiger |
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Term
| What is complete inventory and Visual/Audio Transects? |
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Definition
-Ways to study herptofauna
-CI= day/night climb trees and indentify everything
-V&A= create trail or path through park and identify visually during day, record sounds at night. |
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Term
| What is the study of birds called, what is the oldest birds, difference from reptiles? and how do they reproduce? |
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Definition
-ORNITHOLOGY= study of birds
-Oldest birds= 130 million years, Archaeopteryx
-3. Differences from reptiles- Warm-blooded, similar- legs/talons look like reptile scales, and have air in bones.
-4. Reproduction: Cloaca(opening in bird that looks kind of like vagina and both male/female have it), they do “Cloaca kiss” by bumping the Cloacas into each other putting sperm into vagina. |
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Term
| What are the different guilds of birds? and what are some new world and old world species? |
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Definition
-Guilds- Carnivores, frugivores, insectivore, nectarivores
-Canivores: New=Vulture/Old=Griffon(hawks)
-Frugivores: New=Toucan/Old-Hornbill
-Insectivores: New=Flycatchers/Old=flycatchers
-Nectarivores: new= Humming/Old=sunbirds |
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Term
| How many species of birds are there? What continent has the most? What 2 groups of birds are there? |
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Definition
-10,000 species; South america has most.
-2 groups- Passerines(Younger, perching feet) & Non-passerines(older- not perching birds) |
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Term
| What is interesting about bird books? |
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Definition
| -Books are in evolutionary order! |
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Term
| ID for birds: Ratites, Hawks/vultures, Pigeons, Parrots, Hummingbirds,flycatchers |
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Definition
-Ratites- old school, w/o feathers almost look like dinosaur, most are flightless; i. S. America: Guan, Curascow, Tinamous, Chachalacas; Africa: Ostrich; Australia: Emu(Dry), Cassowaries (wet).
-Hawks & Vultures: Order Falconiformos, really good indicator of ecosystem health. Vultures are carrion eaters- use smell; Hawks use eyes, oval binocular vision, Owls hear, ears slightly offset. BIGGEST HAWK- Harpy Eagle, eats monkeys,
-Pigeons: doves: Columbriforms, 300 species, good at flying, can fly straight, FRUGIVORES- normally found in tropics, DODO!
-Parrots: 330 species, frugivores- but bad seed dispersers because they break up seeds w/ beak; 7 SPECIES IN LA! Most common is Green Chevron and Amazona(pasadena); Endangered due to pet trade!
-Hummingbirds: Only in new world, 300+ species/very diverse, 60 heart beats/second, TORPOR is when they rest, very territorial, beaks have huge diversity, nests made from saliva.
-Fly catchers: new world, largest family in world, LBB= Little black bird! perch on territory and catch prey then return to perch. |
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Term
| ecology of birds: species richness, island biogeography, vegetation structure |
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Definition
-Rainforest high in species richness due to diverse structure and niches, cloud= medium, dry= very low
-species area richness work with birds: Yes, if you increase area 10 fold you double # of species
-Island Biogeography: 2 factors: area & isolation, can almost exactly predict # of birds on island. |
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Term
| Determining levels of diversity: Globally, continents, regionally, landscape & local |
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Definition
-Global: ESA
-Continent: Island area & isolation
-Regional: vegetation type, rainforest has most
-Landscape: fragment size
-Local: forest structure |
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Term
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Definition
| -bird of hawaii, frugivore, finch caught in storm, stranded in hawaii. |
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Term
| 3 types of studying birds |
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Definition
-Mist netting: raise net in morning, catch birds, done by time(1000 hrs of mist netting), advantages- there's a standard, disadvantages- small area, birds all from understory.
-Line transect: walk through area on 20 meter line back and forth, count birds, advantages- short time, whole forest patch good sample; Disadvantages- 75% only identifiable by sound.
-Point count: use points 100m apart, survey 10 minutes each; Advantages- standard/repeatable, disadvantages- waste of time getting form pt to pt. |
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Term
| Things that mammals have in common |
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Definition
-Skin glands: sweating and teats
-Hair
-Large lungs/brains
-From reptiles- Nails, similar brain
-From Primates- Tailbone
-From herbivores- appendix to process grass |
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Term
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Definition
29 order, 5600 species
-900 bats & 2000 rodents
-Diversity higher in tropics
-Gondwanda land separate but similar mammals- hedgehog/Opposum, Jaguar(new)/Leopard(old) |
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Term
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Definition
-Central america:
-North to south only able to migrate- rabbits, squirrels, bears, otter pumas
-S to N: porcupines, armadillos, opposums. |
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Term
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Definition
-Chiroptera family
-SAME NICHE AS BIRDS
-only 20 have died from bats since 1946 in US
-IMPORTANT FOR: Pollination, pest control, fertilizer
-Flying foxes: use eyesight instead of sound. |
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Term
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Definition
-Once common from arizona to chili
-largest new world cat, our version of lion
-1 of 6 cats in New world, all fill niches by size |
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Term
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Definition
-Old World Monkeys: Prosimians, Lemurs, Torises(Bush babies), Tarsiers, lemur, chimps, 65 million years old- very primitive, Walk sideways
-New world: Tamarins & Marmisets, hang from tails. |
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Term
| What are mammals called that live in trees? on ground? How do you identify each? |
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Definition
-Arboreal: Visual sightings, sound, eyeshine and brightness
terrestrial: visual, footprints(slicks) & Scat |
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Term
How to say HEllO and thanks in:
Spanish
Portugal
French
Swahili
Tamil
Tahi/Laos
What is the universal language Indonesia? |
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Definition
Spanish: Hola/Gracias
Portugal: Bon Dia! Obligado(a)
French: Bonjour/Merci
Swahili: Jambo Mambo! Asante!
Tamil: Vaanga! Nandri!
Thai/Laos: Sawatdee/Khawp khun!
-Universal: Lingua franca |
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Term
| What is a biodiversity hotspot? |
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Definition
-Exceptional levels of diversity
-Endemism
-Threat due to humans
-25 spots |
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Term
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Definition
-Mandarin- 1 billion
-English- 497 million
-Hindi- 476 million
-Spanish- 409 million
-Russian- 279 Million |
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Term
| Tropics you can go to that speak english |
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Definition
-Australia
-Singapore
-India
-Jamaica
-Trinidad
-Cameroon
-Barbados
-Ghana
-Nigeria
-Uganda
-Papau New Guinea
-Vanuatu
-LOTS OF PLACES IN TROPICS SPEAK ENGLISH! |
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Term
| What is Lingua Franca? Why is it so simple? how to say plural? How many world? |
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Definition
-Universal language of Bahasa Indonesia
-no pre/suffix, no past/future
-For plural say it twice
-3000 words |
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Term
| Rules for travel in tropics: |
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Definition
-Listen to people who have been
-Don't listen to parents
-Check w/ state dept. if want to get scared
-Avoid diarrhea w/ bottled water
-Food: WELL DONE, only fruit you can peal
-Disease: get shots at Ashe, for malaria- stay out of outbreak area, aovid sunrise/sunset, bring mosquito net, 100% DEET spray, take pills if must |
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Term
| Animal annoyances in tropics |
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Definition
-Leaches: don't transfer disease, easy to pop off
-Chiggers- Bugs in grasses where there's cattle, don't walk through pastures
-Ticks
-Rats
-Dog Bites
-Humans: always have a pen on you |
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Term
| Rule to avoid human annoyances in tropics |
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Definition
-Don't bring anything you're afraid to lose
-Don't bring fancy bag
-Passport/plane ticket on yo at all times
-sow $100 in pants
-Never meet a friend at a bus station |
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