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| the belif that the forces of nature are inhabited by spirits |
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| the hindu name for SELF; the personal part of the Braham |
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| the hindu name for the ABSOLUTE SPIRIT; an impersonal WORLD SOUL that pervades all things |
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| greek "beautiful writings" the art of ornamental handwriting |
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| the rigid social stratification in India based on differences in wealth, rank, or occupation |
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| the theory of the origins, evolution, and structure of the universe |
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| the sum total of those things (traditions, techniques, material goods, and symbol systems) that people have invented, developed, and transmitted |
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| "wedge-shaped" one of humankind's earliest writing systems, consisting of wedge-shaped marks |
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| a stone tomb formed by two posts capped by a lintel |
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| a sequence of rulers from the same family |
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| a state achieved militarily from the unification of territories under as single sovereign power |
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| a long narrative poem that recounts the deeds of a legendary or historical hero in his quest for meaning or identity |
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| italian "fresh"; a method of painting on walls or ceilings surfaced with fresh, moist lime plaster |
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| greek "sacred sign"; the pictographic script of ancient egypt |
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| a hall whose roof is supported by columns |
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| sanskirt "deeds" the law that holds that one's deeds determin one's future life in the WHEEL OF REBIRTH |
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| any one of a group of plucked stringed instruments; usually made of toroiseshell or horn and therefore light in weight |
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| literally "accompanied by the lyre" hence, verse that is meant to be sung rather that spoken, usually characterized by individual and personal emotion |
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| a large, roughly shaped stone, often used in ancient architectural construction |
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| the science of working or heating metals |
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| the belief in one and only one god |
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| sanskirt "extinction" the blissful reabsorption of the SELF into the ABSOLUTE SPIRIT (Brahaman); release fromt he endless cycle of rebirth |
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| a tall, four sided pillar that tapers into a pyramidal apex |
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| the belief that a divine spirit pervades all things in the universe |
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| a reed like plant from which the ancient Egyptioans made paper |
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| a pictorial symbol used in humankind's earliest systems of writing |
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| having many or various colors |
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| the simplest form of architectural construction, consisting of vertical members (posts) and supporting horizontals (lintels) |
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| a massive gateway in the form of a pair of truncated pyramids |
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| chinese "substance or breath"; the material substance of vital force of the universe |
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| a sculputral technique in which figures or forms are carved either to project from the background surface (raised relief) or cut away below the background level( sunk relief); the degree of relieg is designated as high, low or sunken |
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| an upright stone slab or pillar |
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| italian "baked earth"; a clay medium that may be glazed or painted, also called "earthenware" |
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| rule by god's or god's representative |
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| a terraced tower of rubble and brick that served ancient mesopotamians as a temple shrine |
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| historical events in MESOPOTAMIA |
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4000 BC: bronze mettallugy
3500-2350: sumerian civilization
2350- 2230: Akkadian civilization
2000: Hitties introduced IRON to asia minor
2000-1600: babylonian empire
1450-1200: Hittite empire
750-600: assyrian
600-540: chaldean empire
550-330: persian |
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| historical events in EGYPT |
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3500-3150: nile valley civilization
3150: unification of egypt
2700-2150: Egypt: OLD KINGDOM
2050-1785: egypt: MIDDLE KINGDOM
1575- 1085: egypt: NEW KINGDOM
500-200: western sudan; NOK culture |
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| historical events in ASIA |
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3500-1520: yellow river civilization
2700-1500: indus valley civilization
2600: caral, peru
1520-1027: shang era
1500-322: vedic era in india
1200-400: olmec, mexico
1027-256: zhou era |
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| GO LOOK OVER CHART ON PAGE 27 |
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| located in inaccessible regions of caves; prob to enact the hunt prior to hunting to ensure success. sympathetic magic; sacred function for communal well being |
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| domestication of plants and animals; permanent settlements, food made awareness of seasonal changes, mother goddess for harvest |
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| neolithic: post and lintel construction |
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| marked graves with megaliths, dolem: stone tomb; symbolic of sacred mountain; example: stonehedge; prb celestial observation |
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| birth of cities: specialization |
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| 4000 BC; rural to urban; SUMER, Mesopotamia; grown in population, surplus food to trade; specialization of labor to raise productivity and trade; |
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| birth of cities: writings |
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| 3100 pictographs replaced tokens, then cunieform on clay tablets, |
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| natural enviornment on religious beliefs in sumer |
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sun, wind, etc. as vital; animism, nature assumed human status; immortal; ritual prayer, sacrifices, for celebrations, events, etc.
polytheism and cosmology: orgin of universe; spontaneous generation, marduk, tiamet, etc. |
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| features of mesopotamian culture |
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ziggurat: spiritual center of city state
gilgamesh epic: also Noah , earliest known literary assoc. with death, |
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unite babylon city states, wrote hammurabi's code
legal practices for everyone, human rights away from monarch; impersonal justice; legal establishment,
social statuses, women had some rights |
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| technology in mesopotamia |
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iron introduced asia minor in 1200
cheaper, durable; increased agricultural production, increased population, EMPIRE CAME TO FLOWER; cheaper and stronger weapons> larger, efficient armies (assyrians, chaldeans, persians) |
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| natural enviornment on religious beliefs in EGYPT |
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hot, arid climate: sun god important> ra; also regularity of solar cycle
nile river: food depended on annual overflow; god OSIRIS (underworld)> idea of resurrection,
mountainless: created origins with eat as flat, gods from silt |
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| religion, political, social life in egypt |
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divine power thru theocracy and monarch>pharaoh
pyramids>burial sites, monotheistic reform with akhenaten
theocratic socialism with food production
lineage thru female line |
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| egyptian art and literature |
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Definition
art only with tombs/graves
art replicated the living world thru the dead; spatial depth; sensitive balance, stylization
not many literature pieces, SATIRES OF TRADE,
also had LYRIC and LYRE>part of everyday life and special events |
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pylonns: two truncated pyramids that made gateway "mountain on edge of world"
hypostyle: dark inner sanctuary; light to dark, cyclic cycle |
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| GREAT TEMPLE OF AMON RA AT KAMAK |
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religious complex;
obelisks: commemorative stone pillars
celings= heaven
priests performed daily rituals |
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| spiritual, political and artistic achievements with india |
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planned cities, sewage system, written language
aryans invaded> caste system, sanskirt, epics: great deeds of bharata clan" and " songs of prince rama"; also vedas: hymms/prayer book |
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pantheism, HINDU
brahman, then atman
combine to achieve nirvana
INSTRUCT ONLY WITH DEATH/REBIRTH
karma>reincarnation |
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| spirituals, political, and artistic achievements with china |
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shang: divine right to rule, social order, dragon, tombs sim. to egypt
"leadership based on excellence"> merit and education
mandate of heaven with ZHOU
literature: THE BOOK OF CHANGES; 5 elements, 5 powers, achieve QI "chee" |
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deceased ancestors, harmony and order> ying and yang
LORD ON HIGH/TIAN/SHANGDI: workings of universe
COSMIC UNITY: TIAN (heaven) and KUN (earth) marriage |
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embraces universal natural principle
DAO or WAY
resists intellectual analysis, harmony of things, simplicity |
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