new stone age 6000/4000 > 2000 BC

hunter gathers became farmers and animal husbandry developed

cave paintings

30,000 BC

Altamira caves in Spain and Lascauz France 1940

all located in far reaches of the caves virtually inaccessible

all appear to be mans attempt to control nature

prehistoric sculpture represents pregnant female figure with exaggerated belly hips breasts and few facial features

Promotes reproduction

ex: Venus of Willendorf

Anatolia

Necropolis= City of Dead

Monoliths= single stones

Megaliths= large, undressed stones

Menhirs=unhewn or slightly shaped stones, stand upright

Dolmens=chambers/enclosed 2 or more vertical stones support one large single stone (tombs)

Cromlechs=megalith structures in groups with menhirs arranged in circles (sacred spaces marked)

Salisbury Plain, England

Heel stone= 16' block of limestone

Altar stone= lays horizontal on ground

basic post and lintel construction

tenon= raised projection to fit hole in lintel

Greek for 'the land between two rivers'

Tigris and the Euphrates

present day Iraq

at Sumer

Major cities = Uruk 1st true city by Gilgamesh

Ur=home of patriarch Abraham

Sir Leonard Woolly=archeologist discovered Royal cemetery and evidence of ritual king

wedge shaped writing of the Mesopotamians

written on clay tablets

ex: the flood seperates preliterate eras

Shamash= god of the sun, judge and protector

Ishtar= goddess of love/procreation, war

Enil= god of the air beneficent creator who insures good harvests

Anu= supreme god of the heavens

Ninhursag=great mother, goddess of the earth (Anus consort)

sythesized/compositie view

hierarchal proportions

in 2d art: legs and heads shown in profile

size= status

long narrative poem that recounts the deeds of a hero on a quest for the meaning of identity

Ist literature composed written version found in 2200- 2000 BC

Gilgamesh

King of Uruk 2700 BC

wants to know the secret of immortality

seeks out Utnapilishtim and befriends Endkido

only mortal that the gods have given eternal life and accounts of the building of an ark

noah's ark/ great flood....wife bakes loaves of bread to convince him that he had slept for 7 nights

sends gilgamesh to a lagoon where he can find the flower of immortality

cire perdue- lost wax method of bronze casting, life size portrait

large vertical slab of stone with relief sculpture and or an engraved inscription an upright stone maker

ex: Victory stele of Naram-Sin

king of olf babylon

ex: code of Hammuriabi wrtoe on 7' stele

Tia;pm LAw; an eye fo an eye a tooth for a tooth

Anatolia Turkey

Neuchadnezzar(mention in scripture)

Ishtar gate

the Nile fows North and theres Upper Egypt was in the South

Lower Eygpt was in the North

O= god of underworld, the dead, judge of the deceased, god of resurrection into eternal life, husband and brother of Isis

I=goddess of motherhood, health and healing, sister/wife of Osiris

mummification: Isis wrapped all the pieces of Osiris back together

inside are all removed and placed into canopic jar and the heart is left in body, brain is thrown away

Ka: a double, "the self"

Tombs were built for the Ka, because the Ka must be housed and fed

single layer rectangular or trapezoidal platform

the step pyramid of Zoser/Djoser at Sakkara was the Ist stone architecture

Cheops/Kufu : Great Pyramid

Chephren/ Khafre: Great Sphinx is located on the causeway leading to the pyramid of Khafre and may have been in his likeness--sculpted from onsite rock

ruler of the land, was divine, and was Horus life became Osiris in death

symbols= the crook(shepherds staff)..rule

the flail=(whip).. power

squared triangular cloth including

wadjet= sacred serpent

 the accepted prescibed formulas and practices that people in agiven cultues understood as customary

formal unchanging rules or laws for proportions

cubit= a unit of measurement from elbow to end of thumb

symbolic aspects of the Universe, the earth and heavens

used post and lintel construction

hypostyle= columned hallway

2 massive sloping walls flanking entranace

oblelisks = during New Kingdom, monolithic= honed from a single piece of stone

Pyramidion= pointed tip originally gold covered

1799 made an expedition and discovered the Rosetta Stone--written in 3 differ scripts and 2 differ languages Hieroglyphics, Demotic, & Greek

Key was Greek because it could be translated cartouches found in the hieroglyphic text

the Golden age

2500 Bc: the pyramids of Giza were built

and time of Cheops/ Kufu, Chephren/Khafre

period of uncertainty- the literature of time reflects

scribes were elevated in importance

ruled for 100 + years

introduced the horse darwn chariot to Eygpt

time of Egyptian Empire

Hatshepsut- 1st pwerful female pharaoh

Tutmosis III-step son 'Napolean of Egypt' and defaced images of queen Hatsheput

Howard Carter-found her tomb

declared that only one god could be worshiped, the Aton/ Aten =monotheism(one god)

Aten-(sun disk, rays ending with hands) worshiped 3 times daily outdoors

moved the capitol from Thebes to Amarna

Changed his name to Akhenaten

called heretic

only priest

strange male/female anatomy

Wife was Nefertiti

Nefer= beautiful

once he died everything coneccted with him died even polytheism

'The Boy King'-pharaoh at young age and strangely died at 18

Howard carter discovered the tomb in 1922 of 1" thick of solid 22 kt gold

favortite wife was Nefertari

Ramses II was pharaoh during the time of Moses and the bibical Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt

Ptolemaic Period

Alexander the Great

Macedonian/ Greek conquered Egypt crowned Pharaoh

Ptolemy I-from this point all pharaohs were Greek heritage/blood