Term
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Definition
80% in undeveloped countries
22 million illegal abortions/ 36 million legal
19 million unsafe abortions, almost all in undeveloped countries |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| netherlands, belgium, germany, switzerland |
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Term
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Definition
40% allow abortion on demand
25% have restricted permission
35% sharply restrict
Netherlands has highest access |
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Term
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Definition
abortion as means of population control- China
abortion because no birth control
death from illegal abortion, abandonment and abuse of infants |
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Term
motivation for abortion
(preindustrial society) |
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Definition
health considerations
political causes
social structure
economic factors
family dynamics |
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Term
techniques of abortion
(preindustrial society) |
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Definition
herbal preparations
maneuvers- climbing, squeezing body, punching uterus
instrumentation- insertion of devices
external applications
weakening-starving, bleeding
magical rites |
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Term
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Definition
1 million annually, steady decline since 1990
25% of pregnancies are aborted
33% of teenage pregnancies are aborted
60% occur in population seeking to avoid pregnancy with contraception
30% occur in population hoping to avoid pregnancy but don't use contraception
10% occur in population who initially wanted it but changed their mind
43% of females will have one abortion before age 45
50% of abortions occur prior to age 25 |
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Term
| reasons for abortion with intended pregnancy |
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Definition
fetal defects
maternal health |
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Term
| reasons for abortion with unintended pregnancy |
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Definition
financial burden
immaturity
failed relationship
limit family size
rape |
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Term
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Definition
days 0-4 PF
single fertilized cell replicates into a clump of undifferentiated cells (morula)
moves to uterus, begins to implant in the endometrium |
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Term
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Definition
days 4-12 PF
hollow, fluid filled ball of 100 cells
outer layer (trophoblast) will form the fetal membranes (chorion and amnion)
inner cell mass with eventually form the embryo |
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Term
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Definition
forms the chorionic villi which attach to the endometrium
villi begin to secrete HCG
eventually will form the umbilical cord and placenta |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| first trimester of pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
conceptus is 1/12 inch;
week 8 PF conceptus is 1 inch |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 layers develop into primitive organ systems |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| muscle, skeleton, reproductive and circulatory systems |
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Term
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Definition
| digestive and respiratory systems |
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Term
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Definition
week 3 PF- forming hollow nerual tube
week 4 PF - spinal cord begins to form
week 5 PF- first neurons form
week 8 PF- first synapses form |
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Term
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Definition
week 4 PF- primitive 2 chambered heart with contractions, no circulation
week 8 PF- 4 chambered heart with circulation |
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Term
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Definition
week 5 PF - precursors of limbs emerge
week 6-7 PF - primitive reflexive limb movement, twitches
week 10 PF - extremities are formed |
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Term
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Definition
week 5 PF - primitive facial features are evident, umbilical cord forms
week 6 PF - eyes and ears emerge
week 7 PF - gonads are formed |
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Term
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Definition
| end of embryo period rudiments of all systems are present with concurrent primitive function |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| weeks 9-24 PF (10-26 LMP) |
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Definition
| corresponds roughly to 2nd trimesters of pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
conceptus is 4 inches, 2/3 ounce
week 24 PF - conceptus is 15 inches, 2.2 pounds
rapid development of structures and functions of major organ systems, dramatic increase in length |
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Term
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Definition
week 12 PF - beginning of differentiation of cortical and sub-cortical areas of the brain
week 24 PF - cycles between sleep and wakefulness are evident
week 24 PF - cortical localization of perceptual function begins to be established |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| responds to light, sound, engages in reflexive thumb sucking |
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Term
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Definition
| corresponds roughly to 3rd trimester of pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
conceptus is 20 inches, 7.5 pounds (full term birth)
fat deposits create energy storage |
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Term
| maturation of nervous system |
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Definition
| dramatic proliferation of synaptic connection between brain areas and spinal cord leading to cortical control of body functions and perception |
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Term
| maturation of respiratory system |
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Definition
| lungs prepare to extract oxygen from breathing air |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to complete development outside the uterus using any/all medical technology |
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Term
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Definition
50-80% preterm babies srvive with extensive, intensive medical care
85% have high risk of mental retardation, blindness, serious medical problems |
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Term
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Definition
| used to develop babies postnatally in intensive care nursery |
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Term
| cost of postnatal care for 24 week fetus |
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Definition
.5-1 million dollars
3+ month stay in NICU |
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Term
| Rationale method to prevent implantation |
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Definition
remove endometrium preemptively
not legally abortion |
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Term
menstrual extraction
3-4 LMP |
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Definition
mechanical extraction of endometrium
used in anticipation of menses
may be ineffective because conceptus is small |
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Term
milepristone (RU486)
3-4 LMP |
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Definition
anti-progesterone pill impairs growth of endometrium
can be used a a post-coital pill
95% effective in preventing implantation |
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Term
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Definition
mechanical expulsion of endometrium
insertion stimulates breakdown of endometrium
95% effective in preventing implantation |
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Term
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Definition
following confirmation of pregnancy (HCG test)
50% of abortions occur prior to week 8 LMP
90% prior to week 12 LMP
embryo size- week 3-8 PF = .5-1 inch
week 6-12 PF = 1-4 inches |
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Term
medical abortion
mifepristone (RU486) plus misoprostol |
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Definition
chemical expulsion
mifepristone blocks progesterone, induces endometrial shedding
method allows for earliest abortion
oral pills
follow up care |
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Term
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Definition
| prostaglandin induces uterine contractions, expulsion of conceptus |
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Term
medical abortion
methotrexate plus misoprostol |
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Definition
chemical expulstion
methotrexate interferes with cell growth of zygote
96% effective, doctor visits
prescription pill |
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Term
surgical abortion
vacuum aspiration |
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Definition
86% of total abortions
mechanical extraction
1st trimester
5 minute procedure, slight dilation of cervix, vacuum aspiration of uterine contents
local anesthetic
minimal risk of uterine damage |
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Term
surgical abortion
dilation and curettage |
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Definition
mechanical extraction
1st trimester
general anesthesia, may require hospitalization
dilation of cervix, scraping of uterine wall with curette (metal loop);
removal of endometrium and embryo
5-10 minute procedure
used primarily as medical treatment after miscarriage |
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Term
| general issues of second trimester abortion |
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Definition
10% of abortions occur between weeks 13-24 PF
8% due to results of amniocentesis, chorionic villi scans, ultrasound, or blood analyses indicating fetal defects
1% maternal life/health is in jeopardy
1% pregnancy not discovered earlier
viability legally set at 24-26 week LMP
fetal size= 4-14 inches, 2/3 oz - 2 lbs |
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Term
surgical abortion
dilation and evacuation (D&E) |
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Definition
mechanical extraction
weeks 12-16 LPM
sizable dilation of cervix is required
large suction cannulae is used with surgical instruments, fetal tissue must be surgically section to be removed
process may take an hour to complete |
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Term
medical abortion
mifepristone plus gemeprost |
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Definition
chemical expulsion
multiple doses, vaginal suppositories over 24 hours
weeks 12-19 weeks LMP
hospital clinic |
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Term
surgical abortion
late-term intact D & X |
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Definition
mechanical extraction
late 2nd trimester (16-24 weeks LMP)
2000 per year
safest method in late 2nd trimester
3 days of dilation of cervix
clamp umbilical cord, inject fetal heart with digoxin
extract fetus with forceps, collapse skull by puncture and aspiration |
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Term
chemical abortion
labor induction instillation |
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Definition
chemical expulsion
2nd trimester
injection of prostaglandins or hypertonic saline solution causes uterine contractions (induced labor), injected in amniotic sac
dilation of cervix induces labor within 12-36 hours
nausea, diarrhea, torn cervix, hemorrhage are risks
12-48 hour hospital stay required
fetus is usually born dead |
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Term
surgical abortion
hysterotomy |
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Definition
emergency procedure
major abdominal surgery
2nd trimester (20-24 weeks LMP)
essentially a Cesarean section
requires general anesthetic
used when other techniques are contraindicated as a threat to maternal life
extremely rare
focus to save mom |
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Term
| general issues third trimester abortion |
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Definition
.1% of abortions happen
pregnancy is threat to life
heroic effort to save fetus
fetal size 14-20 inches, 2-8 lbs |
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Term
| methods used third trimester |
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Definition
intact D & X- safest method
emergency C-section
labor induction |
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Term
| mortality rate for legal abortion |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| abortion poses little threat to infertility |
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Term
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Definition
1945-1975 closed adoption
1975-present open adoption
56,000 relinquished each year
1970-present decline in relinquishment of white middle class infants from 17% to 3%, no change for the negros...7% |
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Term
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Definition
50% of mothers regret doing it
sense of loss |
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Term
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Definition
1 million become pregnant annually, 33% of teen population
34% abort, 53% rear, 6% relinquish, 5% miscarry
living in poverty
93% don't marry child's father
for some teens its good
most children born/reared by teen mothers have deficits
continue cycle of povery and sex |
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Term
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Definition
85% attempt to provide financial assistance, but most fail to follow through
initial good intentions, most disengage |
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