Term
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Definition
| when one helps another person for no reward, and even at the same cost to oneself. |
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Term
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Definition
| predicts that the degree of altruism depends on the number of genes shared by individuals. |
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Term
| Reciprocal Altruism Theory |
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Definition
| suggested by Trivers (1971) in attempt to explain the evolution of altruism among individuals who are not related; says it may benefit an animal to behave altruistically if there is an expectation that the favor will be returned in the future. |
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Term
| Negative-State Relief Model |
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Definition
| propsed by Schaller and Cialdini (1988); argued that egoistic motives lead us to help others in bad circumstances in order to reduce the distress we experience from watching the bad situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Batson et al. (1981); suggests that people can experience two types of emotions when they see someone suffering; person distress=anxiety, fear that leads to egoistic helping; empathetic concern-sympathy, compassion, tenderness that leads to altruistic behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Latane and Darley; reason for not helping was that witnesses had seen others watching the incident thought others would call for help. |
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Term
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Definition
| created the term bystanderism; factors in assessing situation influence whether to help or not; diffusion of responsibility (someone else can/should help) and pluralistic ignorance (look to others to react) |
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Term
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Definition
| claims that human relationships are based on a subjective cost-benefit analysis; more likely to help when we feel that the benefits of helping outweigh the potential costs. |
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Term
| Arousal-Cost-Reward Model |
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Definition
| Piliavin proposed model that emphasizes the interaction of mood and cognition in determining behavior; says arousal is the emotional response to the need or distress of others; arousal is seen as a motivational factor. |
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Term
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Definition
| field experiment ; study how various situations factors influence helping behavior; opp. sample of NY subway travellers; witness sick man with cane or drunk man fall; 93% someone helped spontaneously; 60% > that 1 helper; cane 100% helped; drunk 81% helped |
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Term
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Definition
| relationship involving strong and frequent interdependence in many domains of life. |
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Term
| Triangular Theory of Love |
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Definition
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Term
| Biological Level of Analysis of Attraction |
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Definition
| ensure genes passes on; dopamine; adrenaline; serotonin; oxytocin |
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Term
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Definition
| powerful hormone release in both men and women during touching and sex; deepens and intensify feelings of attachment; released during birth |
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Term
| Cognitive Level of Analysis of Attraction |
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Definition
| recipriocity; perception; social cognition |
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Term
| Sociocultural Level of Analysis of Attraction |
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Definition
| culture; communication; self-esteem; overlapping speech; social penetration theory; self disclosure |
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Term
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Definition
| Kelley and Thibaut (1959); argues that relationships are maintained through a cost-benefit analysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| perception of equality is what determines whether a relationship will be maintained. |
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Term
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Definition
| any sequence of behavior in which the goal is to dominate or harm another individual. |
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Definition
| an aggressive act in which the actor or perpetrator abuses individuals directly or indirectly. |
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Term
| Biological Level of Analysis of Violence |
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Definition
| testosterone; permissive effect; fast-track anger |
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Term
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Definition
| male hormone which is implicated in both secual arousal and aggression. |
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Term
| Cognitive Level of Analysis of Violence |
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Definition
| defecits in cog. functioning (attention, planning, organization); social cog. processing; schemas; cultivation theory; narcissism |
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Term
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Definition
| Gerbner et al. argues that media violence gives children a perception of a world that is more hostile than it is in reality. |
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Term
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Definition
| when one has a personality type who cares passionately about being superior to others, while at the same time doubting that this is actually the case. |
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Term
| Sociocultural Level of Analysis of Violence |
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Definition
| power differences; gender; social classes; ethnicity; social norms; deindividuation theory; social identity theory; self-categorization theory |
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Term
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Definition
| the psychological state of diminished awareness of self and individuality aroused when individuals join crowds or lard groups. |
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Term
| Self-Categorization Theory |
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Definition
| Oakes et al. (1993) suggests that people look for other individuals in the group with whom they can identify. |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic; ethnicity; parental influence; aspects of child's home environment; problems with anger management; difficulty interpreting intentions of others; readiness to defend |
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Term
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Definition
| low self-esteem; depression; suicide attempt; health issues; downward comparison; antisocial behavior |
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