Term
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Definition
| gets air to the respiratory zone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
type 1: 95% where gas exchange occurs
type 2: 5% secrete pumonary surfactant and reabsorb sodium and water, preventing fluid buildup |
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Term
| conducting zone functions |
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Definition
| warm, humidify, filter, and transport air to lungs, also voice productionin larynx |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure of air outside body |
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Term
| intrapulmonary or intraalveolar pressure |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pressure in the intrapleural space (between parietal and visceral pluera) |
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Term
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Definition
| inhalation, -3mm Hg intrapleural pressure (relative to atmospheric pressure) produced by contraction of the diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
| exhalation, +3mm Hg intrapleural pressure (relative to atmospheric pressure) produced by relaxation of the diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
- lower than atmospheric and intrapulmonary in both inspiration and expiration
- keeps lungs against the thoracid wall, and allows expansion during inspiration
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Term
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Definition
| difference between pressure within the lungs (intrapulmonary), and within the pleural cavity (intrapleural) |
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Term
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Definition
| volume and pressure are inversely related, explains mechanics of respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| the ease with which the lungs can expand when stretched |
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Term
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Definition
| degree to which lungs recoil to initial size, elastin fibers produce this effect |
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Term
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Definition
| raises the pressure of alveolar air as it acts to collapse the alveolus, resists distention |
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Term
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Definition
| explains how pressure is directly proportional to surface tension and inversely proportional to radius of alveolus, small alveoli would be at greater risk of collapse without surfactant |
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Term
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Definition
- surface active agent
- consists of hydrophobic protein and phospholipids
- reduces surface tension at molecular level
- more concentrated as alveoli get smaller during expiration
- prevents collapse
- allows residual volume to remain in lungs
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Term
respiratory distress syndrome
(RDS) |
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Definition
| caused by late production of surfactant in fetal development, high risk of alveolar collapse, treated with synthetic surfactant |
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Term
acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS) |
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Definition
| similar to RDS but can occur in adults, caused by septic shock, not treatable with synthetic surfactant |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| restrictive pulmonary disorders |
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Definition
damage to lung tissue, vital capacity is reduced
ex. pulmonary fibrosis, ephysema |
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Term
| obstructive pulmonary disorders |
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Definition
lung tissue is normal, vital capacity is normal, forced expiration is reduced
ex. asthma |
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Term
| sea level atmospheric pressure |
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Definition
| 760 mmHg or one atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures of each gas in it |
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Term
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Definition
using Dalton's law it can be determined that the pressure of an individual gas can be measured by multiplying the % of that gas by the total pressure
ex. O2 makes up 20% of atmosphere, so pp of O2= 760(atmos. pres.) X 20% = 159 mmHg
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Term
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Definition
Nitrogen - 78%
Oxygen - 21%
Carbon Dioxide - 1% |
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Term
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Definition
amount of gas that can dissolve in a liquid depends on:
- solubility of the gas in the liquid
- temperature of the fluid (more gas can dissolve in cold liquid)
- partial pressure of the gases, the determining factor
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Term
| How does the system ensure that only O2 rich alveoli and tissues that need O2 are sent blood? |
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Definition
in the lungs pulmonary arterioles constrict when P02 is low / dialate when PO2 is high
in the tissues, the opposite occurs, systemic arterioles constrict when P02 in the tissue is high, ensuring only tissues that need O2 are sent blood |
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Term
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Definition
| inspiratory and expiratory nerons originating from the medulla oblongata, reciprocal activity produces rhythmic pattern of breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| regulation of ventilation by the CNS |
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Term
| effects of inadequate ventilation |
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Definition
- CO2 levels rise
- pH falls
- (CO2) + (H2O)-> (H2CO3)-> (H+) + (HCO3-)
- O2 levels do not change as rapidly due to storage in hemoglobin
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Term
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Definition
| increased CO2 level in the blood, due to inadequate ventilation |
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Term
| chemoreceptors in the medulla's function: |
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Definition
| recognize increased CO2 levels which decrease pH in the brain, reacts by increasing ventilation |
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Term
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Definition
| stretch receptors in the lungs prohibit inhaling too deeply |
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Term
| what percentage of O2 is unloaded in the tissue (at rest) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increase in CO2 or decrease in pH results in hemoglobin having a weaker affinity for O2, causes O2 to be unloaded from the hemoglobin into the plasma and subsequently the tissues |
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Term
| what forces act to decrease hemoglobin's affinity for O2? |
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Definition
| decreased pH and increased temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| product of glucose metabolism within the erythrocyte, decreases hemoglobin's affinity for O2, causes increased unloading, production is inhibited by oxyhemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to hemoglobin but with a much stronger affinity to O2, only dissociates from myoglobin under extremely O2 deficient conditions |
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Term
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Definition
catalyzes reaction that forms carbonic acid (H2CO3) from H2O and CO2, under high pCo2 conditions
also catalyzes the dissociation of carbonic acid
H2CO3 --> (H+) + (HCO3-) |
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Term
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Definition
| bicarbonate ion diffuses out of the RBC into the plasma --> H+ attatch to hemoglobin (attracts Cl-) --> Cl- diffuses into the RBC |
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