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Definition
| the prohormone that contains the peptide neurotransmitter + the signal particle |
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| large protein that contains small section of peptide (large neurotransmitter). |
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| mimic effect of endogenous neurotransmitter, neuromodulator or hormone |
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| any enzyme that attached a phosphate to amino acids on a protein (phosphorolate) |
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| any kind of protein that interacts with receptors |
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V=I*R
voltage=current x resistance |
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| the rate of movement of charged particles at a point per unit time |
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| resistance (R) [as in V=IR] |
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Definition
| the conductivity of a substance that either impedes or allows charged particles' movement |
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E= RT/zF * ln [ion]o/[ion]i
(for one ion) |
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| nernst equation at body temperature |
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Definition
| E=62mV* log [ion]o/[ion]i |
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| resting potential of typical neuron |
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Definition
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| what ion most influences resting potential? |
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Definition
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| ball and chain model of voltage gated channel inactivation |
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Definition
| polarized amino acids hang out at C terminus of protein. Once voltage gated ions go open, structure of channel changes and protein ball moves to block the entrance |
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Definition
| nerve cell. composed of cell body (parakaryon, soma), and neurites (dendrite, axon) |
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| non neuronal cells of the nervous system that provide support and nutrition, form myelin, aid in homeostasis, and assist in signal transmission. outnumber neurons 20 to 1. |
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| ramon y cajal. the fundamental idea that neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system. It holds that neurons are discrete cells.The Law of Dynamic Polarization further states that neural transmission goes only in one direction, from dendrites toward axons. (now incorrect) |
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| also called parakaryon, soma. contains nucleus. neurites emanate out from cell body. |
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| any process that emanates out from cell body |
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| long processes with smooth surfaces, when branched far away from cell body. this process generally covered by fatty myelin sheath. carries long signal |
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Definition
processes are short and tapered they branch near cell body, their surface has spines where synapses typically are. typically un-myelinated.
there are generally much more dendrites than there are axons. |
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| specialized junctions to help communication |
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| electrical synapse (gap junction) |
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Definition
| Cells next to each other have common protein called Connexin (electrical synapse or gap junction), a tube like structure, connects the cytoplasm of two cells. Cytoplasm is good conductor of electricity. If one cell becomes excited, it will carry charge to adjacent cell. good way to amplify response |
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| (ends in Bouton or Button), Marked by presence of vesicles. |
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| receptor and effector molecules (post synaptic thickening) |
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| comprises phospholipid bilayer of membrane. Hydrophobic end fears water, hydrophilic end likes water. Hydrophilic head group faces out, hydrophobic tail ends stick together. |
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| keeps lipid bilayer together and fluid. forces that result from bonds other than covalent. |
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| a membrane protein allows waters to channel through |
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Definition
| passive transportation- voltage gated, Na+ channel |
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Definition
| binding of protein (neurotransmitter) to allow channel to have a conformational change and opens, allows ions to travel through |
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| voltage gated ion channel |
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Definition
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Definition
| actively transport ions across membrane |
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Inner and outer membranes, porous
Contains genetic material of all eukaryotic cells in the form of chromosomes/chromatin- which contain DNA
Transcription occurs in nucleus, which controls gene expression. First step in creation of proteins. |
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Definition
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| Proteins attach themselves to single strand of DNA, (proteins referred to as “Core Promoter Proteins”, most important is RNA polymerase II, an enzyme) They bind to a sequence of bases called the TATA box region. |
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Definition
| tRNA (anti codon) brings amino acids to ribosome, where peptidase creates peptide bonds between amino acids in a certain order prescribed by mRNA (codon) |
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Definition
| the organelle where translation occurs and peptides are made |
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Definition
nucleotide contains 3 components:
A deoxyribose sugar
A phosphate
A nitrogenous base |
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Term
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Definition
| adenine, guanine have a double ring structure |
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Definition
| cytocine, thymine, uracil (replaces thymine in RNA) have a single six sided ring structure |
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Definition
| nucleotides are bonded together by phosphodiester bonds. In this kind of bond, the phosphate at the 5’ position of one nucleotide binds to the carbon at the 3’ position at the sugar of another nucleotide. |
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Definition
| A hydrogen bond results from a dipole-dipole force between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom bonded to nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine |
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Definition
| proteins that attach themselves to DNA in transcription e.g. RNA polymerase II. core promoters bind to TATA box region and form a complimentary strand to DNA (mRNA) |
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Definition
| a core promoter protein, binds to TATA box region during transcription and forms mRNA |
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Definition
| the region on DNA where it instructs core promoter proteins to bind to the DNA and begin copying. thymine adenine thymine adenine |
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Term
| post translational processing |
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Definition
| r groups of peptides give proteins their special functions. undergo structural changes, link with other peptides to create polypeptides, etc. |
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Term
| post transcriptional processing |
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Definition
| Introns are removed from mRNA and the remaining exons are spliced together to form mature mRNA. |
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Definition
| introns are extraneous pieces of the DNA that aren't required to form the protein so they are cut out of the mRNA, and then the exons (the remaining necessary string of bases) are spliced together |
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Definition
| formed during transcription and then guides translation. The bases of the mRNA are complimentary to that of the DNA, form the 'codon' |
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Definition
| involved in translation. tRNA matches 3 bases (anti-codon) with the mRNA (codon) at the ribosome, adds amino acids to the peptide chain. |
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Definition
| mRNA (the inverted DNA code) |
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Definition
| tRNA (the complimentary inverse of mRNA) |
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Definition
| each triplet nucleotide code codes for a particular amino acid |
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Definition
| Peptidal transferase binds to the amino acid of one amino acid to the other during translation |
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Definition
| bonds formed when nitrogen in NH3 amine group of one amino acid binds with carbon of COOH (carboxyl group) in an adjacent amino acid. Formed by hydrolysis. |
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Definition
| begins protein catabolism by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds that link amino acids together in the polypeptide chain. |
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Term
| N and C termini of proteins |
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Definition
| N terminus of protein has NH2 (a free amine group) and is useful at targeting signals so it is often outside membrane, C terminus has COOH group (carboxyl) |
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Term
| 5', 3' ends of RNA and DNA |
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Definition
nucleotides are bonded together by phosphodiester bonds. In this kind of bond, the phosphate at the 5’ position of one nucleotide binds to the carbon at the 3’ position at the sugar of another nucleotide.
5’ and 3’ refers to the numbered carbons in the nucleotide molecule |
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Definition
| The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and package the macromolecules such as proteins and lipids that are synthesized by the cell. It is particularly important in the processing of proteins for secretion. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| adenosine tri phosphate transports chemical energy within cells. In signal transduction pathways, ATP is used as a substrate by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids, as well as by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. |
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| intermediate filaments (keratin) |
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Definition
| Dynein travels from axon to soma (retrograde transport) |
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Definition
| Kinesin travels from cell body to end of axon (anterograde transport). |
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Definition
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Definition
| round single membrane organelles found in cytoplasm. Contain digestive enzymes that break down old organelles into components. Autolysis: when lysosome breaks open, releases digestive enzymes into cytoplasm which destroys cell. Cell suicide. |
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Definition
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Definition
| astrocytes, oligodendrocytes & schwann cells |
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Definition
| biochemical support of neurons, connect to endothelial cells to support blood brain barrier, takes nutrients from blood sends to neurons. |
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Definition
| wrap around axons in CNS. Inbetween these cells on axon is called node of ranvier. Allow for salutatory conduction of action potentials. One can wrap around a long section of axon |
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Definition
| schwann cells are specifically to PNS, myelinated, can not extend as far as oligodendricytes. |
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Definition
| Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are used to relay, amplify and modulate signals between a neuron and another cell. release mostly controlled by action potential. CATEGORIES: Small Molecule Neurotransmitters/Neuromodulators, Peptide Neurotransmitters, |
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Definition
| Examples of neuromodulators include dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, histamine |
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Definition
| Found in dendrites (post synaptic) generated by ligand gated channel synpatic transmission normally generates either a excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) or an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). Unlike action potentials, which are all or none, synaptic potentials are graded and can be summed if the potentials are very close together. That is because there is no refractory period, as there is in an action potential. Synaptic potentials typically in response to chemical message and are then transmitted through cell body and axon via another kind of electrical response ( the action potential ) |
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Definition
ligands bind to ligand gated channels causes small depolarization of membrane
Once threshold is reached, voltage gated channels open (because membrane reaches a certain voltage), Na+ open first, sodium rushes in (depolarizes more) the frequency of action potentials is what encodes for the intensity of a stimulus
Then when threshold is reached for voltage gated K channels, K+ open second and rushes out (hyperpolarizes) causes inactivation
inactivation can be represented by ball and chain model
polarized amino acids hang out at C terminus of protein. Once voltage gated ions go open, structure of channel changes and protein ball moves to block the entrance Associated with voltage gated channels found principally in axons (presynaptic) |
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Term
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Definition
| difference in electrical charge across cell membrane. At rest, cell membrane has potential energy to transport charge. • Large anions stay in the cell which gives inside the negative charge during rest, large concentration of potassium inside, large quantities chloride and sodium outside. |
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Term
| selectivity of ion channels |
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Definition
| there are Many channel classes depending on how they work and what ions they are selective to, many specific channels within classes |
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Definition
| mostly permeable to potassium |
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Definition
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Definition
| the difference in charge (or electrical potential) from one point to another in a circuit |
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Definition
| how easily electricity flows along a certain path through an electrical element |
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Term
| concentration and electrical forces |
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Definition
| concentration forces are driven by the gradient between the amount of an ion inside cell and outside cell. by diffusion, concentration forces seek to have equal amounts of ions on either side. electrical forces are driven by the charge of these ions, they seek to have equal charge on both sides of membrane. |
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Definition
| to make less negative (in the case of average neuronal resting potential) |
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Definition
excitatory post synaptic potential
caused by depolarization, the influx of positive ions or outflux of negative ions |
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Definition
| to make more negative (in the case of the average neuronal resting potential) |
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Definition
| inhibitory post synpatic potential usually caused by hyperpolarization, or the positive outflux of ions, or negative influx |
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Definition
| occurs only in synaptic potentials because the response is graded. decrementation can be represented by lambda, when the signal has reached 37% of its original amplitude. the diameter and length of the process affect this lambda measurement |
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Term
| spatial and temporal summation |
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Definition
| the additive qualities of a synaptic potential: spatial summation= When two or more presynaptic inputs are active at same time, their EPSPs sum. temporal summation=Bursts of activity, if action potentials occur close enough together. The EPSPs sum. necessary to overcome decrementation |
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Definition
| gaps between myelinated axon |
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Definition
| occurs along myelinated axons, jumps from node of ranvier to node |
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Definition
| after hyperpolarization, a voltage gated channel is inactivated, meaning that it is neither closed, nor opened, but no molecules can get through and it cannot open for a refractory period |
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Term
| open, close and inactivated channels |
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Definition
| open channels means that the channel is opened (activated). closed means that the channel is closed. inactivation occurs after hyperpolarization, can be represented by ball and chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| small molecule neurotransmitters. All members of this class are derived from the same amino acid, tyrosine. The rate at which these transmitters are regulated depends on the activity of Tyrosine Hydroxylase.The actions of this class of neurotransmitter are terminated by “reuptake” or by the action of two enzymes: MAO and COMT |
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Definition
| small molecule neurotransmitters. (Serotonin, Melatonin) Derived from Tryptophan (an amino acid) |
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| amino acid neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| small molecule neurotransmitters. (Glutamate, GABA, Glycine) All members of this group are amino acids |
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Definition
| small molecule neurotransmitters. (ATP, Adenosine) |
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Definition
| small molecule neurotransmitter. muscle-nerve. |
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Term
| peptide neurotransmitters |
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Definition
all Peptides undergo “Post-Translational Processing":Preprohormone ----Prohormone--Peptide
The processing of Prohormones involve the action of peptidase enzymes that break peptide bonds at neurtral amino acids (arg-arg, lys-arg)
Peptides are frequently found in the same neurons where one finds classical small molecule neurotransmitters and they are often released as “Co-transmitters”. In this role they may have an independent effect or may modulate the effect of the classical transmitter.
Typically peptides are released when neurons fire at high frequencies. |
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Definition
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Definition
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| 2 enzymes that control re-uptake of catecholamines |
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| reuptake of neurotransmitters |
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Definition
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Definition
| break peptide bonds at neutral amino acids, to create preprohoromone which then becomes prohormone. |
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Definition
| proved by quantum release and Statistical Distribution of miniature end plate potential (MEPPs) amplitudes in muscle |
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Definition
| action potential opens calcium channels, calcium entry causes vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release, receptor channels open. sodium enter postsynaptic channels and vesicles recycle. |
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Definition
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Definition
| The primary role of SNARE proteins is to mediate fusion of cellular transport vesicles with the cell membrane at the porosome or with a target compartment (such as a lysosome). consists of 60-70 amino acids that are capable of reversible assembly into tight, four-helix bundles called "trans"-SNARE complexes. |
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Definition
| G protein Receptors (Metabotrophic receptor)-Frequently activate the production of Serine/threonine kinases |
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| ionotrophic vs. metabotrophic receptors |
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Definition
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Definition
The G proteins are called G proteins because they bind guanine triphosphate (GTP). G proteins interact with effector molecules (ion channels, enzymes) In G protein receptor systems, 3 separate molecules mediate the receptors response: A Receptor (recognition), A G- protein (transduction), and an Effecter (a protein (enzyme/ion channel) which acts to alter the physiological and/or biochemical state of the neurons.
The most common of the G-protein systems are those associated with the activation of enzymes that generate Second Messengers |
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Definition
| g proteins phosphorylate (add a phosphate) to GDP guanine diphosphate in order to make an energized GTP guanine triphosphate |
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Definition
The cAMP system is a G-protein second messenger system.
Two G-proteins (GS and Gi) control this system. Both influence Adenylyl Cyclase (an effecter molecule), an enzyme capable of synthesizing cAMP from ATP.
The Gs protein stimulates Adenylyl Cyclase while Gi inhibits Adenylyl Cyclase. |
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Definition
| an effecter molecule that synthesizes cAMP from ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| PKA is a two part enzyme and contains both a catalytic and a regulatory subunit. When both subunits associate with one another the catalytic subunit is inactive and therefore incapable of causing phosphorylation. When cAMP binds to the regulatory subunit of PKA, it causes the regulatory and catalytic subunits to dissociate. This produces an active catalytic subunit enzyme. |
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Definition
| the enzyme responsible for phosphorylation of calcium (calcium+calmodulin) |
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Definition
| the adding of a phosphate to a molecule, controlled by kinases. phosphotases are responsible for dephosphorylation. |
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Definition
| cAMP regulatory. These enzyme degrade cAMP into an inactive molecule, 5’ AMP. |
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Definition
| cAMP regulatory. These enzymes “dephosphorylate proteins. They remove phosphates |
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Definition
transcription factors need to be activated by phosphorylation. they then bind to DNA at response elements and regulate the core promoters (RNA polymerase II) that bind and copy DNA. Transcriptional regulation via
acetylation and methylation
of histones |
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Definition
| place on DNA where transcription factors bind to regulate transcription |
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Definition
| long term potentiation, and long term depression are affected by different presynaptic stimuli |
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Definition
| both are glutamate receptors. AMPA receptors (non NMDA) are purely ligand gated channels and are permeable to Na+ produces brief rapid depolarization. NMDA are ligand AND voltage gated- responsible for LTP. permeable to Na+ and Ca++, this is because of Mg++ in channel, Mg++ moves aside when depolarization occurs. |
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Term
| induction and maintenance of LTP |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| receptor phosphorylation and LTP |
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Definition
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Term
| cAMP, gene transcription and LTP |
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Definition
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Term
| rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| Has ribosomes embdedded in membrane. Major site of protein synthesis, from mRNA in nucleus (translation). These are also called Nissl bodies, stained by Nissl stain. also site of post translational processing, where the preprohormone becomes the prohormone. |
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