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| A subdivision of human geography focused on the nature and implications of the evolving spatial organization of political governance and formal political practice on the Earth's surface. It is concerned with why political spaces emerge in the places that they do and with how the character of those spaces affects social, political, economic, and environmental understandings and practices. |
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| A politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by a significant portion of the international community. A state has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and is recognized by other states |
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Legally, a term encompassing all the citizens of a state. MOst definitions now tend to refer to a tightly knit group of people possessing bonds of language, ethnicity, religion, and other shared cultural attributes. Such homogeneity actually prevails within very few states.
Examples) the French, Flemish and Walloons in Belgium. |
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| In political geography, a country's or more local community's sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended. |
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| A principle of international relations that holds that final authority over social, economic, and political meters should rest with the legitimate rulers of independent states. |
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| the right to self govern. A self governing country |
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| In a general sense, associated with the promotion of commercialism and trade. More specifically, a protectionist policy of European states during the 16th to 18th centuries that promoted a state's economic position in the contes with other countries. The acquisition of gold and silver and maintenance of favorable trade balance (more exports than imports) were central to this policy. |
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A state whose territorial extent coincides with that occupied by a distinct nation or people, or at least whose population shares a general sense of cohesion and adherence to a common set of values.
Example) Iceland, Slovenia, Poland, Korea |
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| Government based on the principle that the people are the ultimate sovereign and have the final say over what happens within the state |
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| STATE with more than one nation within its borders |
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| NATION that stretches across borders and across states |
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| Rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien people and place. Although often established and maintained through political structures, colonialism also creates unequal cultural and economic relations. Because of the magnitude and impact of the European colonial project of the last few centuries, the term in generally understood to refer to that particular colonial endeavor. |
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Theory originated by *Immanuel Wallerstein* and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world.
-The three-tier structure is the division of the world into the core, the periphery, and the semi-periphery as a means to help explain the interconnections between places in the global economy |
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| Economic model wherein people, corporations, and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market, with the goal of achieving a profit. |
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| The process through which something is given monetary value. It occurs when a good or idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought and sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that can be trades in a market economy. |
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| Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology; generates more wealth than periphery processes in the world-economy. |
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| Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and not as a physically demarcated entity. For example, in the U.S. , "the south" and "the Mid-Atlantic region" are perceptual regions. |
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| Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring |
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| Forces that tend to unify a country such as widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith. |
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| Forces that tend to divide a country-such as internal religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences |
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| a nation-state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state. |
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| A political-territorial system wherein a central government represents the various entities within a nation-state where they have common interests-defense, foreign affairs, and the like-yet allows these various entities to retain their own identities and to have their own laws, policies, and customs in certain spheres |
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| The system of Islamic law, sometimes called Qu'ranic law. Unlike most western systems of law that are based on legal precedence, Sharia is based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Qu'ran. |
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| The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government. |
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| Territorial Representation |
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| System wherein each representative is elected from a territorially defined district |
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| Process by which representatives districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people. |
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| Majority-minority districts |
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| In the context of determining representative districts, the process by which a majority of the population is from the minority. |
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Redistricting for advantage, or the practice of dividing areas into electoral districts to give one political party an electoral majority in a large number of districts while concentrating the voting strength of the opposition in as few districts as possible.
Examples) United States, Canada, Brazil |
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| Vertical plane between states that dust through the rocks below, and the airspace above the surface. |
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boundaries that are drawn using a grid system such a latitude and longitude or township and range
Example) U.S. and Canada use the Great Lakes to define their boundary. During the Berlin Conference colonial powers used arbitrary reference points and drew straight lines to establish the boundaries in much of Africa |
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are boundaries that follow and agreed-upon feature in the natural landscape, such as the center point of a river or the crest of a mountain range.
Examples) The Rio Grande is an important physical-political boundary between the U.S. and Mexico. The crest line of the Pyrenees separating Spain from France. |
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Antecedent boundaries are political boundaries that occurred before the ethnic landscape arose and stayed in a place while individuals moved into occupy the surrounds.
Examples) forest, desserts, mountain ranges, rivers |
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Are set after the settlement of different groups meet
Example) 1648 Peace of Westphalia |
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This boundary is imposed by an outside force such as a treaty. May not reflect existing cultural landscape.
Example) Colonial expansion of Europe |
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No longer a boundary, often the outcome of political changes although still a visible imprint on the landscape.
Example) German reunification in 1991 |
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| advocacy of political independence towards a particular country |
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the advocacy of a state of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group. While it often refers to full political secession separatist groups may seek nothing more than greater autonomy.
Examples) Israel, Greece, Bangladesh, and United States |
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A symbolic relocation of a capital city to a geographically or demographically peripheral location may be for either economic or strategic reasons
Examples) Russia moved their capital from Moscow to St.Petersburg for western orientation. Ming Emperors moved their capital to Beijing to have better control of their borders. |
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| politics, especially international relations, as influenced by geographical factors |
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| A geographical hypothesis, proposed by British geographer Halford Mackinder during the first two decades of the 20th century, that nay political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain sufficient strength to eventually dominate the world. Mackinder further proposed that since Eastern Europe controlled access to the Eurasian interior, its ruler would command the vast "heartland" to the east. |
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| Process by which geopoliticians deconstruct and focus on explaining the underlying spatial assumptions and territorial perspectives of politicians |
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| World order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision making process. |
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| Supranational organization |
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an entity composed of three or more states that forge an association and form an administrative structure for mutual benefit and in pursuit of shared goals.
Examples) NATO and NAFTA |
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| A compact shaped state is small and centralized. This type of state is the simplest to manage, since the government is close to all portions of the state. The compact form helps to keep the country together by making communications easier within it. In addition, compact states are much easier to defend than states of other shapes. However, compact states are primarily small in size, and therefore may not have as many natural resources as larger states have. A perfect example of a compact state would be Poland. |
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| A prorupted state has a long extension, or an extended arm of territory. This protrusion gives the state several advantages. For example, the state gets easy access to the coast and the local resources around it. In addition, prorupted states are also able to prevent a rival access. An example of a prorupted state would be Thailand. |
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| A perforated state completely surrounds another. A classic example would be South Africa since it surrounds Lesotho. The surrounded nation can only be reached by going through one country. More problems can arise if there is hostility between the two nations. This makes it difficult to enter the surrounding nation. |
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| A state that is separated by a physical or human barrier. This creates several problems for the country. Many portions of the state are separated by oceans, lakes, and mountains. It is difficult to govern such a country composed of islands, such as Indonesia. In addition, communication is difficult within the state; since portions are separated form the main part of the country. |
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| An elongated shaped state is long and narrow. This type of state also has many disadvantages. For example, they are difficult to defend. An elongated state, such as Chile, makes for difficult governance of the peripheral areas in the north and south. However, an elongated state encompasses a variety of landscapes. |
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| Law of Peripheral Neglect |
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| The greater the physical distance between an authority and a problem, the greater the likelihood that the authority will ignore the problem |
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| Does the nation-state really exist? Does any state in the world come close? |
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| How did mercantilism lead to colonialism |
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| Mercantilism was the driving force behind colonization. Mercantilism is an economic theory based on the belief that there is a limited amount of wealth in the world and that colonies exist solely for the benefit of the mother country....colonies provide the mother country with raw materials, ready-made markets for domestic goods, and a safety valve for excess population |
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