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| the modification of the natural landscape by human activities |
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| the transformation of the land and the ways that humans interact with the enviroment; an important component of human geography |
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| the study of the relationship between the natural enviroment and culture |
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| a school of thought in cultural geography; believes that the physical enviroment actively shapes cultures, so human responses mold the enviroment; envirment always wins over humans |
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| a school of thought in cultural geography; recognizes the importance of the physical enviroment;believes cultural heritage is as important as the physical enviroment shaping human behavior |
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| a school of thought in cultural geography; describes humans as making choices within the setting of their physical envirment |
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| Cultural Determinism (Human Determinism) |
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| a school of thought in cultural geography; empasizes human culture is ultimatly more important than physical enviroment in shaping human actions |
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| the complex of values, beliefs, behaviors, and material objects that together form a persons way of life; all of this is learned |
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| consists of abstract concepts of values, beliefs, and behaviors |
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| culturally-defined standards that guide the way people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty, and that serve as guidlines for moral living |
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| specific statements that people hold on to be true; and they are almost based on values |
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| actions that people take; generally based on values and beliefs as reflected in norms |
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| the rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members |
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| this culture includes a wide range of concrete human creations that reflect values, beliefs, and behaviors |
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| an area marked by culture that distinguishes it from other regions |
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| a single attribute of a culture |
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| consists of common values, beliefs, behaviors, and artifacts that make a group in an area distinct from others |
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| a group of interconnected culture complexes |
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| a culture region that represents an entire culture system that intertwines with its locational and enviromental circumtances |
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| the areas where civilizations first began that radiate the customs, innovations, an ideaologies that culturally transformed the world |
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| the process when cultural hearths were centers for innovation and invention, and their non-material and material culture spread to areas around them |
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| develpoments that can be traces to a specific civilization |
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| American geographer that wrote Agricultural Origins and Disperals in 1952 about diffusion |
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| goegrapher that wrote about cultural diffusion |
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| occurs when an innovation or idea develops in a sourcew area and remains strong there while alos spreading outward |
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| when almost all individuals and areas outward from the source regions are affected |
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| the influence of the cultural triats weakens as time and distance increase |
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| where ideas and artifacts spread first between larger pkaces or prominent people and only later to smaller places or less prominent people |
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| a basic idea, though not hte specific trait itself, stimulus iminative behavior within a population |
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| individuals or populations migrating from the source areas physically carry the innovation or idea to new areas |
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| where the spread of cultural traits is slow enough that they weaken in the area of origin by the time they reach other areas |
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| the less dominant culture adopts some of the traits of the more influential one |
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| the dominate culture completely absorbs the less dominant one |
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| two-way flows of culture reflect a more equal exchange of cultural traits |
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| the ractice of judging another culture by the standars of one's own culture |
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| the practice of evaluation a culture by its own standards |
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| combining of new beliefs and old beliefs; a mojor explanasion for how and why cultural changes accur |
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| a systemation means of communication ideas and feelings through the use of signs, gestures, marks, or vocal sounds |
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| the process by which one generation passes culture to the next |
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| a condition in which many languages are spoken, each by a reletively small number of people |
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| the study of speech areas and their local variations by mapping word choices, punctuations, or grammatical constructions |
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| languages that are grouped with a shared, but fairly distint origin |
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| most common language family; the language is spoken by about half the world's people |
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| a type of language inside a family |
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| languages recongnized by the government and the intellectual elite as the norm for use in the schools, government, media, and other aspects of public life |
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| the language endorsed and recognized by the governement as the one that should know and use |
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| regional variations of a standard language |
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| boundaries within which the words are spoken |
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| the ability to communicate in two languages |
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| when a pidginn becomes the first language of a group of speakers |
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| an established language that comes to be spoken and understood over a large area |
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| the study of place names; a special interest of liguistic geography |
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| languages that were once in use but not anymore; no longer read or sopken in daily activities by anyone in the world |
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