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| Study of the Earth as the Home of Humanity |
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| literal meaning of the word "geography" |
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| greek word: Earth Writing |
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| human and physical (natural) geography |
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| physical, human, techniques |
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| "this place is different from that place"- smells, plants, things |
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| early history of geography (reasons for study of geography) |
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1. land surveying & agriculture
2. astronomy- understand where you are surveying from
3. trade-what's over there that you don't have?
4. military activity-concept of territory |
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| three scholarly traditions in geography |
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1. literary- verbal descriptions
2. cartographic- drawn maps
3. mathematical |
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| regional and systematic approaches |
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regional- general, human and landscape, climate & vegetation as well as languages & people
systematic- specific, analysis of topics/systems as they apply across regions (store locations across entire region) |
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| objects or places on (near) the earth's surface (clouds, roads, cities, etc.) |
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| dimensionality of features |
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| 0D, 1D, 2D. road = 1D (in reality everything is 3D). models= no width, no height. points = 0D, lines = 1D, cities = 2D. |
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location- lat&long, relative system (next to that), site (there are plants there), situation (between this and that)
distance- the measure it takes to overcome separation between places (250 dollars, 50 miles)
direction-north, south, east, west |
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phenomenon- actual size of a feature in reality
analysis-size @ which we measure & study a process (cancer @ country level. earth @ satellite resolution. does not necessarily exist at this level)
cartographic-map size relative to part of the Earth represented on map (usually 1D). LARGE SCALE MAP SHOWS SMALL PORTION OF SURFACE, SMALL SCALE SHOWS LARGE PORTION |
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lessening/loss of detail.
as scale changes, generalization changes.
zoom in/out- want more/less detail |
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density- # of features at one dimensionality
dispersion or concentration-features clustered together (agglomerated) or dispersed/scattered (disagglomerated). random- no discernable order
pattern- nighttime lights- linear lines of highways, railroads. linear, circular, hexagonal patterns (as contrasted w/random)
spatial association (covariation)-texas religion & alcohol relationship. correlated w/ other aspects of culture. |
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| pieces of Earth's surface area, similar in some way. (dissimilar to other regions). requires ignoring differences- no 2 places are identical. form of catagorization. |
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| characteristics of regions |
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Definition
1. location
2. size ( area)
3. boundary sharpness vs. vagueness
4. boundary permeability
5. often hierarchically organized |
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administrative-created by laws/rules (real estate) potentially tight/sharp boundaries. every place is 100% inside that region- not movable.
thematic-demographic, cultural, themes etc. vague boundaries. degree to which a place is a member varies. has transition zone.
functional-defined by interactions between places (banking, economic, radio. fuzzy boundaries.
cognitive-boundaries formed in the mind. "the midwest" "downtown". not technical names. |
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bumpy oblate spheroid (flatter on top & bottom, almost round)
8000 mi in diameter (27 mi more @ equator than from pole to pole)
25000 mi circumference |
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| land area/water area on surface |
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| latitude-longitude grid (graticule) |
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Definition
parallels of latitude- only equator is straight line
longitudes (meridians) all straight & shortest distances
180 degree long. line= internat. date line |
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| info about earth & earth phenomena |
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| hot air balloons, airplanes, helicopters, satellites pick up info (satellites = infrared/thermal light not optical |
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| definition of maps and cartography |
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| art and science of maps. pictoral models of reality largely based on convention |
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| reference vs. thematic maps |
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Definition
reference- general purpose map- locations
thematic- specific purpose- distribution of a variable (climates, elevation, etc. ) |
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choropleth- colors or shading.
cartograms-distorts shape to show percentage.
isoline (contour) maps-lines of elevation (lake in oregon) proportional area symbols. |
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| interpreting isoline maps |
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| proportional area symbols |
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| developing the earth's surface and map projections |
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| a type of map that is square, with a grid, hugely distorted at the poles but maintains a constant compass direction. is a mathematical projection, based on cyllindrical projection |
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| visualization is superior to feeling/telling. quickly & efficiently see what cannot be seen in reality. efficient scales. highlight relevant properties, downplay irrelevent properties. gain knowledge by taking away truth |
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| topological subway (network) maps |
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| intentionally/unintentionally. selective presentation- don't/cannot show everything (tourist traps). generalization, graphical clarity (distort for clarity), misleading symbols, scale (translating map to reality), projection (prez's trip to alaska- shortest route distorted by projection) |
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| religious maps, common to have East at top. "orient" the map-derived from having East at top. centered around jerusalem- meditteranian sea makes "T" |
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| geographic information system (GIS) |
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Definition
| computerized geographic information (overlay: layers of info- vegetation over roads over elevation). for storage, analysis, display (buffer: find 500 meter buffer around schools). in two data formats: raster (grid, boxes filled in, common in physical geography) and vector (series of notes/points connected by straight lines) |
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| types of spatial behavior and interaction |
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| movement of people, communication (movement of ideas, words, concepts, info), and commodity exchange |
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| interaction decreases with distance- sometimes called 1st law of geography. |
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| barriers- more expensive to go further. stop, prevent, slow down, redirect interaction. |
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| everything is related to everything else, but closer things are more related than distant things. |
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| typical shape of decay function |
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| 1. physical- mountains, rivers, freeways. 2. social/cultural- diff. languages, zoning laws, social class areas. 3. psychological- ignorance/fear of places. |
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| networks: made up of nodes and links. nodes: places. links: connections between them. |
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| some places more important/ attractive than others |
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| technology and distance decay |
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| includes space-time convergence/compression and globalization. |
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| space-time convergence (compression) |
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| things far away are becoming more related- will 1st law of geography be repealed? this mostly applies to communication, not so much transportation |
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| a trend towards greater interconnectivity- not obliterating distance decay, just changing them. ex: price of gas: people used to commute & shop along commute, but now shop much closer to home. |
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| computational modeling in geography |
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| the parts of a system, whatever it is you're modelling, and their interrelationships are represented as a set of mathematical representations/statements. simplified rep. of reality- not a restriction, is a purpose/necessity. simple rep. is better than complex ball of chaos. |
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| the simplest example/mode that works is the best one. we only accept complexity b/c it is forced upon us. |
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| formula: Interaction between 2 places = (2 populations)/(distance between them raised to variable Beta) all multiplied by k (scaling constant). |
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| a curve, exponential looking, starts high, j down. |
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| models spacial interaction, mostly transportation (trips to work, shopping, movies, etc.). Newton's theory of gravities- depends on mass of objects and distance between them (bigger store/city draws more people, etc. ) or F= g (M1, M2)/(D^2) |
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| interaction attractiveness |
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| Reilly's Breaking Point Model (retail gravitation) |
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| BP= D/(1+sqrt(P/P)) OR breaking point equals distance between two places divided by one plus the square root of population 1 over population 2. |
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| PI= (A1/DH-1^2)/ (SIGMA(A2/DH-2^2)) OR the probability of you shopping at center 1 is the attractiveness of place one divided by the distance between place 1 and your house (squared). all divided by the summation of each opponent place's attractiveness divided by their distance between their location and your house, with the distances squared. |
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| personal communication field |
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| individual and mass communication |
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| (psychology of space and place). 5 senses and acquiring beliefs through them, sometimes unconsciously. |
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| (psychology of space and place). knowing & beliefs- thinking, listening, language, learning, includes perception |
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| (psychology of space and place). emotions, moods (aka hot or wet cognition). |
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| a belief coupled with an affect |
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| (psychology of space and place). what people DO. coordinated & goal-directed action. (falling down is not a behavior- not coordinated. |
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| behavioral (disaggregate) approach to human geography |
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| aggregate approach- humans are interchangable in research/studies. disaggregate approach- humans are individuals. to study geographic aspects, must understand human choices- beliefs form/rule actions. |
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| two motivations for behavioral/cognitive geography |
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| temporary travel vs. migration |
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| temporary travel: going home, to class, work, vacation. migration: relatively permanent mobility- not just herds. aka residential relocation. deciding factor: is there an intent to return home? |
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| individual activity space |
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| the places/routes that a person travels on a typical day |
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| activity space centered around your home |
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| within activity space (marauder hypothesis) or outside activity range (commuter hypothesis) |
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| locations & movement between them over the course of time (z axis). NON random and usually repetitive |
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| looks like a prism on a pole. person walking under it can only walk to edge boundaries of prism during potential time. shows potential path space and potential distance travelled over time. |
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| how far you could go in a period of time |
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| GPS/Atlas in your mind. your knowledge of the layout of the environment. changes w/ your knowledge or experience of area or after visiting new places. |
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| map drawn according to your mind. older people draw better maps, gain concept of bird-eye view. |
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| distortions in cognitive maps |
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| having concept of bird-eye view, organizing behavior and space- where friend's house is, etc. not accurate- may be much different from actual enviro. |
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| getting from one place to another |
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| know where you are/where you need to go. combine internal knowledge w/ structure that we perceive. ex. aligned/misaligned directory maps, islanders navigating boats by reference to islands/ stars. |
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| includes place perception, stereotypes, identity. |
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| what you think about when you think of that place |
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| Iowa= corn, Socal= celebrities, Norcal= hella. |
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| self-identification and self-definition via place |
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| how you identify self, identify others. place identity-> self identity |
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| territorial claim- MY place |
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| where people want to / don't want to live. usually choose places around their home. |
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| definition and structure of culture |
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| a socially shared and transmitted pattern of beliefs, behaviors, and material artifacts. |
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| three subsystems of culture |
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| ideological- language, morality, religious belief. technological- material objects & the techniques of their use. sociological- social patterns & rituals |
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| a particular specific unit of ideological culture (religious items, language, etc. ) |
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| material objects of technological culture- tools, pottery, etc. |
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| units of sociological culture- marriage should only be man & woman, kinship, family, mating, politics |
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| culture trait, religion, ecology, landscape. |
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| cultural change- innovation and diffusion |
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| in situ cultural changes vs. external contact changes |
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| in situ= in situation, over time changes, not a reaction to anything. contact = changes as a result of contact w/ other cultures. |
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| center for cultural innovation (ex. Jerusalem for religion). |
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| diffusion or independent innovation. |
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| a new form of cultural practice that arises out of a hybrid of other cultures (ex. language- influences from others, combinations of roots) |
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| ethnicity, language, and religion |
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| core elements of culture. common way to defeat a culture: take away (suppress) language & religion. also: rebirth of language is a way to express, celebrate culture ( Hebrew). |
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| around 5000 worldwide (3000->7000). about 200 with more than 1 million primary speakers. 6 languages spoken by 1/2 of world's people (primarily or secondarily). |
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| major world languages (primary) |
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Definition
| 1. Mandarin Chinese. 2, 3. Spanish & English. 4. Hindi (Urdu). 5. Portuguese. 6. Begali. 7. Russian. 8. Japanese. |
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| primary vs. secondary languages |
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| primary= spoken most often, first language learned. secondary= learned in school, not 1st language learned, etc. |
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| monolingualism vs. multilingualism |
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| languages grouped into larger units. Indo-European Language Family = largest, most speakers. (English, German, Romance Languages). |
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| origin and diffusion of Indo-European language family |
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| extinct and moribund languages |
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| language must be spoken by children or it will be extinct. some languages have less than 100 speakers. about 2500 languages are basically moribund. |
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| American Indian languages |
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| only about 20 out of 500 original languages are not moribund. 1990: Native American Languages Act. US congress recognized language rights- to speak, write, use publicly. preserve linguistic diversity. |
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| the origin, changes, and diffusion of English language |
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| variations in everyday speech. "vernacular"- the everyday way of speaking. dialects= alterations of the vernacular. often regional. not new languages, just altered. American English is dialect of English-English. |
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| standard (official) language |
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| "correct" way of speaking. dialect officially sanctioned for use publicly- grammar, dictionaries, school teaching. really, just another dialect. a political, social term- not a linguistic term. |
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| a simplified combination language. used between cultures as a secondary language for a purpose- trade, etc. usually English and something. |
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| a syncretic- a pidginized language that becomes a primary language. also- Creole- a specific language spoken in Louisiana, etc. |
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| the study of place names. names can have good/bad effects. |
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| 33% Christian. 21% Muhammad Islam. 14% Hinduism. 16% Non-religious (atheism, agnosticism, secularism). |
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| monotheism, polytheism, animism, secularism |
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| meant to apply to everyone no matter culture/language/location. ex. christianity, islam, buddhism. usually include a principal to ensure "proselytizing"- spreading word, passing beliefs on to people who are not members. |
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| meant to apply to everyone no matter culture/language/location. ex. christianity, islam, buddhism. usually include a principal to ensure "proselytizing"- spreading word, passing beliefs on to people who are not members. |
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| ethnic (three broad types of religion) |
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| meant for certain Ethnic group (Hinduism, Judaism). usually non-proselytizing. |
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| Traditional ( Tribal) (Three Broad Types of Religion) |
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| Ideological ties to natural world. usually include philosophy like animism- "god is in everything". is shrinking, dying out. |
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| religion, ways of preparing food, construction, tools, music, diseases, etc. |
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| religion, ways of preparing food, construction, tools, music, diseases, etc. |
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| diffusion vs. independent innovation |
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| like mold on bread- spreads outwards vs. jumping to new spots. |
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| relocation and expansion diffusion processes |
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| relocation: due to human migration aka relocation. location change, not # change. expansion: contact (directly or indirectly) between people who do or do not have a cultural practice. location AND # of practitioners changes. |
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| contagious and hierarchical diffusion patterns |
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| contagious: amount/rate of interaction lowers with more distance (distance decay). grows nearby w/ contact. reflects importance of direct contact as opposed to indirect contact ( like mass media). hierarchical diffusion: innovations JUMP between nodes- rap music jumped from bronx to la. did not pass through kansas. |
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| Hagerstrand model of diffusion |
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| isotropic plain, human population is equally distributed & culturally uniform and contacts are identical to begin with. if you are contacted by idea you adopt it., and distance decay- contacts occur nearby, less likely to occur as distance increases. |
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| a uniform flat area with no barriers in any direction. transportation & communication can go as far in any direction from any point equally easily. |
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| "Mean information field" (MIF) |
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| grid with more numbers in center, when pick random number, more likely to fall in center, less likely in corners/sides. |
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