Term
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Definition
Examines the course and causes of the
developmental changes that take place
over a lifetime
Looks at physical, biological, cognitive,
social and emotional changes throughout
lifespan
Physical and Early Social
Development |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
First two weeks of development
Rapid cell division
Development of the embryo |
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Term
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Definition
Week 3 to week 8
Growth and cell differentiation
Major systems and organs form |
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Term
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Definition
Final and longest stage of prenatal
development
Body systems reach maturity |
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Term
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Definition
Harmful substances that can cause abnormal
development or birth defects
can impair physical and cognitive development
Known teratogens:
Exposure to radiation
Toxic industrial chemicals
Diseases
Drugs and alcohol
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Term
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Definition
caused by excessive alcohol consumption
during pregnancy
symptoms include
low birth weight
face and head abnormalities
slight mental retardation
behavioral and cognitive problems |
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Term
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Definition
prefer sweet tastes to other tastes
can distinguish some smells
especially those related to feeding
startled by loud sounds
particularly attuned to sounds of speech prefer high, rising tones: “baby talk”
can see 8-12 inches
can see large objects close-up
show preference for human faces |
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Term
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Definition
Involuntary unlearned behaviors
adaptive
Grasping reflex (grasps finger)
Rooting reflex (turns mouth toward stimulus
that touches cheek)
Reflexes disappear after first 3-4 months |
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Term
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Definition
synaptic connections (connections from
neuron to neuron) increase |
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Term
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Definition
However the brain only maintains the
synaptic connections it uses
~the process in which
unused synaptic connections decay and
disappear
Can be affected
by environment |
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Term
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Definition
Early social interactions have strong influence
of development
~It is Strong, intimate emotional bond
that forms between the infant and caregivers
leads to sense of safety and security
also motivates maintenance of contact (adaptive |
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Term
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Definition
Secure ?
65% of children
~child is happy to play alone
~when ? figure leaves child is distressed
when ? figure returns child is happy and
quickly comforted
Avoidant ?
20-25% of children
when ? figure leaves child is not upset
when ? figure returns child ignores them |
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Term
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Definition
Anxious/Ambivalent ?
10-15% of children
child clings to ? figure
when ? figure leaves child becomes
inconsolable
when ? figure returns child both seeks
and rejects caring contact
Disorganized ?
child shows inconsistent behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
Long-term effects of attachment
Social skills and social competence
Personal relationships
Achievement
Development |
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Term
| Preferential-looking technique |
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Definition
researchers
present objects, pictures, sounds and watch
where they look and for how long |
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Term
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Definition
the inability to remember
events from early childhood
Children often forget the sources of where
they learn things |
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Term
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Definition
Observed young children and studied errors
in completing tasks
Concluded children view the world in
different ways than
adults |
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Term
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive
Development |
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Definition
Children are active learners
Four distinct cognitive stages
Stages are biologically programmed
Stages are universal |
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Term
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Definition
a new experience is incorporated into
an existing schema |
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Term
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Definition
a schema is adapted or
expanded to include a new experience |
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Term
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Definition
Birth until two years of age
Tasks and characteristics
Knowledge acquired through senses and
motor actions
Recognizes self as agent of action
Achieves object permanence (object
continues to exist even when out of view) |
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Term
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Definition
Two to seven years of age
Operations: logical mental activities
Preoperational = prelogical
Tasks and characteristics
Reasoning is based on immediate appearance
Symbolic thought
Egocentrism
Inability to understand principle of conservation |
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Term
| Concrete Operational Stage |
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Definition
Seven to twelve years of age
Tasks and characteristics
True logical thought
Less egocentrism
Understand principle of conservation
Ability to reverse mental operations
Limited capacity to understand abstract or
hypothetical ideas
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Term
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Definition
Twelve years to adulthood
Tasks and characteristics
More systematic and logical thinking
Ability to think logically about abstract
concepts and hypothetical situations |
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Term
| Challenges to Piaget’s Theory |
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Definition
some critics dispute the universality and
order of the stages
doesn’t account for differing cognitive
strategies that may vary across cultures
some children seem to go back and forth
between stages
perhaps children know more than
he had theorized |
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Term
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Definition
found that the reasons
people give for their moral choices change
systematically and consistently with age |
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Term
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Definition
children answer in terms of self-interest or
pleasurable outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
people respond in a way that conforms
with the law, order and others’ disapproval |
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Term
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Definition
people respond with complex reasoning
about abstract principles and values |
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