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Human Anatomy H
flash cards for Chapter 1
147
Science
11th Grade
01/16/2009

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Term
Anatomy
Definition

The study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationships to one another.

Has subdivisions.

 

(tomy)- to cut

(ana)- part

Term
Gross Anatomy
Definition
Stuctures that are large and easily observable.
 
SEE WITH YOUR EYES
Term
Microscopic Anatomy
Definition
The structures that can only be seen through a microscope
 
 NEED TO USE A MICROSCOPE
Term
Physiology
Definition
The study of how the body and its parts work or function.
Has subdivisions.
 
(physio)- Nature
(ology)- the study of
Term
Neurophysiology
Definition
The subdivision of physiology that explains the workings of the nervous system
Term
Anatomy and Physiology
Definition
The subdivisions of biology that explores the topics that describe how our bodies are put together and how they work.
The parts of your body form a well-organized unit, and each of those parts has a job to do to make the body operate as a whole.
Term
Cardiac Physiology
Definition
The subdivision of physiology that studies the fuctions of the heart, which acts as a muscular pump to keep blood flowing throughout the body.
Term
Chemical level
Definition
The simpliest level of structural compexity of the body.
Term
Atoms
Definition
The second level of structural complexity of the body, after the chemical level.
It is tiny building blocks of matter, which combine to form molecules.
Term
Molecules
Definition
Made from combining atoms.
In forms such as water, sugar, and proteins.
Associate in specific ways to form microscopic cells.
Term
Cells
Definition
Formed by molecules.
They are the smallest units of all living things.
Have wide variety in size and shape, which reflects their paritcular function in the body
Term
The cellular level
Definition
This level comes after the molecular level in the structural complexity of the body.
Simplest living creatures are composed of single cells.
Coplex organism lead to tissue level
Term
Tissue Level
Definition
Comes after cell level in the structural complexity of the body.
In more complex organisms
 
Term
Tissue
Definition
Consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function.
Four basic tissue types
-Epithelial, connective, muscular, and neural
Each plays a definite but different role in the body
Term
Organ
Definition
A structure that is composed of two or more tissue and performs a specific function for the body
Term
Organ level
Definition
The level that is after the tissue level.
At this level of organization, extremely complex functions become possible.
Example: The small intestine, which digests and absorbs food, is composed of all four tissue types.
 
Term
Organ System
Definition
All the body's organs are grouped so that a number of organ systems are formed.
A group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose.
Example: The digestive system includes the esophagus, the stomach, and the small/large intestines.
Each organ has its own job to do, and by working together they keep a process going.
11 organ systems that make up living body
Term
Organism
Definition
Living body.
The highest level of structural organization.
Term
Organisimal Level
Definition
The highest level ofstructural organization.
Made up of many organ systems
Term
List all the levels of Structural Organization.
Definition
-Chemical Level
   -atoms --> molecules
-Cellular Level
   -cells
-Tissue Level
   -tissues
-Organ Level
   -organ
-Organ System Level
   -11 systems
-Oranismal Level
   -organism 
Term
Organ System (List them all)
Definition
-Integumentary System
-Skeletal System
-Muscular System
-Nervous System
-Endocrine System
-Cardiovascular System
-Lymphatic System
-Respiratory System
-Digestive System
-Urinary System
-Reproductive System
Term
Integumentary System
Definition
The external covering of the body, or the skin.
Temp., pressure, and pain receptors located in the skin alert us to what is happening on body surface.
Function: 
It waterproofs the body and cushions and protects the deeper tissue from injury.
It excretes salts and urea in perspiration and helps regulate body temperature.
sythesizes vitamin D
Term
Skeletal System
Definition
Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints.
Function:
Supports body and provides a framework that skeletal muscles use to cause movement.
Protective(skull protects brain)
hematopoiesis goes on within cavities of skeleton.
Hard substance on bones is a storehouse for minerals
Term
Hematopoiesis
Definition
Formation of blood cells
Is located within cavities of skeleton
Term
Muscular System
Definition
Skeletal muscles form this system.
Different from the muscles of heart/other hollow organs which move fluids/substances along pathways within the body
Function:
To contract/shorten
This causes movement; you are able to stand erect, walk, leap, grasp, throw a ball, or smile.
 
Term
Contract
Definition
Shorten
Term
Nervous System
Definition
The body's fast-acting control system.
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
Responds to stimuli in/outside the body.
Reponds to internal/external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
Term
Nerve impulses
Definition
The messages that sensory receptors send.
electrical signals
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
Brain and spinal Cord
Term
Endocrine System
Definition
Controls body activity, slowly
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use(metabolism) by body cells
Term
Hormones
Definition
The chemical molecules that endocrine glands release
Term
Cardiovascular System
Definition
The heart and blood vessels.
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste.
The heart pumps blood
Term
Lymphatic system
Definition
Its organs are lympahtic vessels, lymph nodes, and others(spleen and tonsils).
It picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
It disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
It also Houses white blood Cells involved in immunity.
Term
Respiratory System
Definition
Consists of nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
It keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
Term
Digestive System
Definition
Tube running from mouth to anus.
Consists of oral cavity(mouth), esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines, and rectum.
It breaks food down into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
Term
Urinary System
Definition
Often known as excretory system.
Consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
It Eliminates nitrogeneous wastes from the body.
It regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.
Term
Reproductive system
Definition
Its overall functionis the production of offspring.
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones.
Ducts/glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to femal reproductive tract.
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. 
The remaining structure serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.
Mammary glands of female breat produce milk to nourish the newborn.
Term
List the Necessary Life Functions
Definition
-Maintain Boundaries
-Movement
-Reponsiveness
-Digestion
-Metabolism
-Excretion
-Reproduction
-Growth
Term
Maintaining Boundaries
Definition
Necessary life function.
Must so that "inside" remains distinct from its "outside"
Term
Movement
Definition
Necessary life function
Includes movement of muscular system and movement for fluids(cardiovascular/digestive/urinary system)
Term
Responsiveness
Definition
Necessary Life function
Ability to sense changes and react
Term
Digestion
Definition
Necessary Life Function
Break-down and delivery of nutrients
Term
Metabolism
Definition
Necessary Life Function
Chemical reactions within the body
Production of energy
Making body strutures
Term
Excretion
Definition
Necessary Life Function
The elimination of waste from metabolic reactions
Term
Reproduction
Definition
Necessary Life Function
Production of future generation
Term
Growth
Definition
Increasing of cell size and number
Term
List Survival Needs of body
Definition
-Nutrients
-Oxygen
-Water
-Stable Body Temperature
-Atmospheric pressure good
Term
Survival Needs
Definition
The factors that fragile life requires in order to maintain life
Must have appropriate amounts; excess/deficits are harmful.
Term
Nutrients
Definition
Survival Need
food
Need Chemcials for energy and cell building
Includes carbohydrates, protein, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.
Term
Oxygen
Definition
Survival need of body
Required for chemical reactions
Term
Water
Definition
Survival Need of Body
60-80% of body weight
Provides for metabolic reaction
Term
Stable Body Temperature
Definition
Survival need of Body
98 degrees fahrenheit
lower metabolic reactions slower
higher metabolic reactions to fast
Term
Atmospheric Pressure
Definition
Survival Need
The force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air
Must be appropriate for breathing
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
The body's ability to maintain relatively stbale internal conditions even though the outside world is continuosly changing.
Dynamic state of equilibrium
Must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life
(homeo)-same
(stasis)-standing still
Term
Dynamic State of Equilibrium
Definition
A balance in which internal conditions change and vary but always within relatively narrow limits
Term
When does the Body demonstrate homeostasis
Definition
When its needs are being adequately met and its functioning smoothly.
Term
Homeostaic imbalance
Definition
A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
Term
Variable
Definition
Factor or event that effects something
Term
List the three components of Homeostasis
Definition
-receptors
-control center
-effector
Term
Receptor
Definition
Resonds to changes in the environment.
Sends information to control center
Term
Stimuli
Definition
Changes in environment
Term
Afferent pathway
Definition
The pathway through which information flows from the receptor to the control center.
It approaches the control center
Term
Control Center
Definition
Determines set point(level) at which variable is to be maintained.
Analyzes information it receives
Determines appropriate response
Term
Effector
Definition
Provides a means for response to the stimulus
Term
Efferent pathway
Definition
The pathway from the control center to the effector.
Exits the control center
Term
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Definition
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms.
Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity.
Works like a household thermostat.
 
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
regulates body temperature
Term
Positive feedback mechanism
Definition
Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther.
In the body this only occurs in blood clotthing and birth of a baby.
Term
Anatomical position
Definition
Used for showing position, direction, regions, and structures.
Term
Regional Terms
Definition
Visible landmarks on the surface of the body
Term
Abdominal
Definition
Anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
Term
Acromial
Definition
Point of shoulder
Term
Antecubital
Definition
Anterior surface of elbow
Term
axillary
Definition
armpit
Term
Brachial
Definition
Arm
Term
Buccal
Definition
Cheek area
Term
Carpal
Definition
wrist
Term
Cervical
Definition
Neck region
Term
Coxal
Definition
Hip
Term
Crural
Definition
Leg
Term
Digital
Definition
Fingers, toes
Term
Femoral
Definition
Thigh
Term
Fibular
Definition
Lateral part of leg
Term
Inguinal
Definition

Area where thigh meets body trunk

groin

Term
Nasal
Definition
Nose area
Term
Oral
Definition
Mouth
Term
Orbital
Definition
Eye area
Term
Patellar
Definition
Anterior knee
Term
Pelvic
Definition
Area overlaying the pelvis anteriorly
Term
Pubic
Definition
Genital region
Term
Sternal
Definition
Breastbone area
Term
Tarsal
Definition
Ankle region
Term
Thoracic
Definition
Chest
Term
Umbilical
Definition
navel
Term
Calcaneal
Definition
Heel of Foot
Term
Cephalic
Definition
Head
Term
Deltoid
Definition
Curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle
Term
Gluteal
Definition
buttock
Term
Lumbar
Definition
Area of back between ribs and hips
Term
Occipital
Definition
Posterior surface of head
Term
Olecranal
Definition
Posterior Surface of elbow
Term
Popliteal
Definition
Posterior knee area
Term
Sacral
Definition
Area between hips
Term
Scapular
Definition
Shoulder blade region
Term
Sural
Definition

The posterior surface of lower leg

The calf

Term
Vertebral
Definition
Area of spine
Term
Plantar Region
Definition
Sole of the foot.
Term
Directional Terms
Definition
Used to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another.
Term
Superior (Cranal or Cephalad)
Definition
Towards the head end or upper part of a structure or the body.
Above.
 
Example: The forehead is superior to the nose.
Term
Inferior (caudal)
Definition
Away from the Head end or toward the lower part of structure of the body.
Below.
 
Example: The navel is inferior to the breastbone
Term
Anterior
Definition
Ventral
Toward or at the front of the body.
In front of
 
Example:  The breastbone is anterior to the spine
Term
Posterior
Definition
Dorsal
Toward or at the backside of the body.
Behind.
 
Example: The Heart is posterior to the breastbone
Term
Medial
Definition
Toward or at the midline of the body.
On the inner side of.
 
Example: The Heart is medial to the arm.
Term
Lateral
Definition
Away from the midline of the body.
On the outer side of.
 
Example: The arms are lateral to the chest
Term
Intermediate
Definition
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure.
 
Example: The armpit is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder.
Term
Proximal
Definition
Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
 
Example: The elbow is proximal to the wrist
(Meaning that the elbow is closer to the shoulder or attachment point of the arm than the wrist)
Term
Distal
Definition
Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
 
Example:  The knee is distal to the thigh
Term
Superficial
Definition
External.
Toward or at the body surface.
The SKin is superficial to the skeleton.
Term
Deep
Definition
Internal.
Away from the body surface.
More internal.
 
Example: The lungs are deep to the rib cage
Term
Section
Definition
Cut
Term
Plane
Definition
An imaginary line that is used for cutting
Term
Sagittal Section
Definition
A cut made along the lengthwise (longitudinal) plane of the body.
Divides into right and left parts
Term
Midsagittal Section
Definition
Also known as median section.
Cut that is made down the median plane of the body.
Left/Right parts are equal in size
Term
Frontal Section
Definition
A Cut made along a lengthwise plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Also known as Coronal Section.
Term
Coronal Section
Definition
Frontal Section
Term
Transverse Section
Definition
A cut made along a horizonal plane dividing the body or organs into superior and inferior parts.
Also known as Cross section
Term
Cross Section
Definition
Transverse Section
Term
Dorsal Body Cavity
Definition
Has two subdivisions, which are continuous with each other.
Term
Cranial Cavity
Definition
The space inside the bony skull.
Dorsal Body Cavity.
Term
Spinal Cavity
Definition
Extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral column.
Spinal Cord is protected by the vertebrae that surround spinal caivty.
Dorsal Body Cavity.
Term
Ventral Body Cavity
Definition
Larger than the Dorsal Body Cavity.
Contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen (the visceral organs in those regions).
Term
(Superior) Thoracic Cavity
Definition
Separated from the rest of the Ventral Body cavity by the diaphragm.
The Organs in the Thoracic Cavity(lungs,heart and others) are protected by ribcage
Term
Diaphragm
Definition
Dome-shaped muscle
Term
Mediastinum
Definition
Central Region of Ventral Cavity.
It separates the lungs into right and left cavities in thoracic cavity.
Houses the heart, trachea, and other visceral organs
Term
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Definition
The Cavity inferior to diaphragm.
Subdivided into abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
Term
Abdominal Cavity
Definition
Superior division of Abdominopelvic cavity.
Contains the stomach, liver, intertines, and other organs.
Term
Pelvic Cavity
Definition
Superior division of Abdominopelvic cavity.
Contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum
Term
Quadrants
Definition
Four more or less equal regions that divide up the abdominopelvic cavity.
-Right upper quadrant
-Right lower quadrant
-Left upper quadrant
-Left lower quadrant  
Term
Name the nine Regions of the abdominopelvic Cavity
Definition
1.Umbilical region
2.Epigastric region
3.Hypogastric region (pubic)
4./5.Right/Left iliac regions (inguinal)
6./7.Right/Left lumbar regions
8./9.Right/Left hypochondriac regions
Term
Umbilical Region
Definition
The centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus(navel)
Term
Epigastric Region
Definition
Located superior to umbilical region
(epi)-upon
(gastic)-stomach
Term
Hypogastric Region
Definition
Inferior to the umbilical region
(hypo)-below
Also known as pubic region
Term
Right/Left Iliac Region
Definition
Also known as inguinal regions.
Lie lateral to the umbilical region.
(iliac)-superior part of the hip bone
Term
Right/Left lumbar Region
Definition
Lateral to umbilical region
 (lumbus)-loin
Term
Right/Left hypochondriac regions
Definition
Flank the epigastric region and contain the lower ribs
(chondro)-cartilage
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