Term
| What are the constituents of the walls of blood vessels? |
|
Definition
endothelial cells
smooth muscle cells
extracellular matrix (elastin, collagen, glycosaminoglycans) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers of the of the vascular wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells form a monolayer that lines the entire vascular system and contain pinocytoic vesicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells contain Weibel-Palade bodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Weibel-Palade bodies contain what? |
|
Definition
| storage organelles for von Willebrand's factor |
|
|
Term
| What is the major cell type of vascular intima? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the major cell type of vascular media?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells make collagen, vasoconstricts, and dilates to stimuli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a major cell type in the adventitia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells can be identified by immunohistochemistry via antibodies for VWF and PECAM-1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do endothelial cells influence the vasoreactivity of the SMC through the production of what relaxing factors? |
|
Definition
nitric oxide
contracting factor |
|
|
Term
| What is Monckeberg's of Medial Calcinosis? |
|
Definition
| a ring-like calcification of medial of muscular arteries? |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of arteriolar sclerosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of arteriosclerosis is prevalent in patients with hypertension and diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of arteriosclerosis has concentric thickenings in arterial walls which narrows vessel lumen?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of arteriosclerosis is seen in patients with malignant hypertension?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major potentially controllable risk factors for atherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
hyperlipidemia
hypertension
cigarette smoking
diabetes |
|
|
Term
| How do statins lower circulatinf cholesterol levels? |
|
Definition
inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase
(rate limiting enzyme in liver cholesterol biosynthesis) |
|
|
Term
| what follows atherosclerosis in diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major nonmodifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
Age
Gender
Family history
genetic abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| Are men or women affected more by atherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What might cause hyperchomocysteinemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does homocysteine work? |
|
Definition
| it reacts with apoB to make modified HDL species/ reacts with coagulation factors to create hypercoaguability |
|
|
Term
| What are some consequences of inactivity with atherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
weight control
high triglyceride level
low HDL levels
increases tissue plasminogen activator |
|
|
Term
| what is a marker of thrombotic fxn and inflammation that is a predictor for the risk of atherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does c-reactive protein work? |
|
Definition
| its secreted by cells in the intima and activates local endothelial cells and induce prothrombotic state and increases adhesiveness of endothelium leukocytes |
|
|
Term
| What happens to HDL and LDL levels in post menopausal women? |
|
Definition
HDL-decrease
LDL-increase |
|
|
Term
| what is an independent risk factor for premature CHD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the monoclonal hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| proposes plaques are monoclonal (or oligoclonal) growths of smooth muscle cells equal to benign neoplastic growths |
|
|
Term
| What is the lipid infiltration theory? |
|
Definition
| proposes the high levels of LDL entering the arterial wall is primary/initial cause of atherosclerosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the response to injury theory? |
|
Definition
| atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory responce of the arterial wall initiated by some type of injury to endothelial lining |
|
|
Term
| What are the general features of fatty streaks? |
|
Definition
lipid filled foam cells
no disturbance of blood flow
extracellular lipid in smaller amounts than in plaques |
|
|
Term
T/F
intimal thickening has increased collagen and elastin fibers at sites of arterial branching |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name the following for
Type I hyperlipoproteinemia:
1. increased lipoprotein class
2. increased lipid class
3. primary defect
4. genetic disorder
? |
|
Definition
1. chylomicrons
2. Triglycerides
3. lipoprotein lipase
4. familial liproprotein lipase deficiency |
|
|
Term
Name the following for
Type I Ia hyperlipoproteinemia:
1. increased lipoprotein class
2. increased lipid class
3. primary defect
4. genetic disorder
? |
|
Definition
1. LDL
2.cholesterol
3.IDL receptor deficiency
4. familial hypercholestolemia |
|
|
Term
Name the following for
Type I Ib hyperlipoproteinemia:
1. increased lipoprotein class
2. increased lipid class
3. primary defect
4. genetic disorder ? |
|
Definition
1. LDL.VLDL
2. cholesterol/triglycerides
3.mutation in LDL receptor gene
4. familial hyperlipoproteinemia
|
|
|
Term
Name the following for
Type III hyperlipoproteinemia:
1. increased lipoprotein class
2. increased lipid class
3. primary defect
4. genetic disorder ? |
|
Definition
1. chylomicron/LDL
2. triglycerides/cholesterol
3.abnormal apoprotein E
4. familial hyperlipoproteinemia |
|
|
Term
Name the following for
Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia:
1. increased lipoprotein class
2. increased lipid class
3. primary defect
4. genetic disorder ? |
|
Definition
1. VLDL
2. triglyceride
3.LPL gene mutation
4. familial hypertriglyceridemia |
|
|
Term
Name the following for
Type V hyperlipoproteinemia:
1. increased lipoprotein class
2. increased lipid class
3. primary defect
4. genetic disorder ? |
|
Definition
1. VLDL/chylomicrons
2. triglycerides/cholesterol
3.familial apoprotein CII
4. familial combined hyperlipidemia |
|
|
Term
| What are the other names for A-α-Lipoproteinemia? |
|
Definition
Tangeiers Disease
Familial HDL deficieny
α-lipoprotein deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What is the underlying cause of A-α-Lipoproteinemia? |
|
Definition
| more breaking down of HDL Apo AI Normal Rates of making for both apo AI and AII |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics A-α-Lipoproteinemia? |
|
Definition
low cholesterolemia
normal/high serum TG
reduced serum HDL
|
|
|
Term
| What are the other names for A-Β-Lipoproteinemia? |
|
Definition
Acanthocytosia
Bassen-Kornzweig Syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What is the underlying cause of A-Β-Lipoproteinemia? |
|
Definition
genetic defect where
apo B synthesis stops |
|
|
Term
What are the characteristics of
A-Β-Lipoproteinemia? |
|
Definition
- no lipoproteins containing apo B (LDL, VLDL, chylomicron)
-low serum TG
-fat not absorbed well
-thorny erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
| The underlying cause for Hypo-Β-Lipoproteinemia? |
|
Definition
| LDL levels are 10-20% of normal |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of Hypo-Β-Lipoproteinemia? |
|
Definition
-LDL levels are low
-normal HDL
-mild lower VLDL
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a deposition of yellowish cholesterol-rich material in tendons and other body parts in various disease states |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lipid plaques on the eyelids
associated with Type Ia hyperlioproteinemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lipid in the creases of the hands in Type III hyperlipoproteinemia |
|
|
Term
| What is tuberous xanthoma? |
|
Definition
| characteristic of remnant hyperlipidemia (Type III) |
|
|
Term
| What is eruptive xanthoma? |
|
Definition
| lipids in skin in type V hyperlipoproteinemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the variants of arteriosclerosis? |
|
Definition
atherosclerosis
Monkeberg's
arteriolar sclerosis |
|
|
Term
| Do atherosclerosis contain fibrointima plaques? |
|
Definition
Yes
-affects the coronary, aortic, cerebral |
|
|
Term
| Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis has what kind of deposit and affects which vessels? |
|
Definition
-medial calcium deposits
-muscular arteries |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of Arteriolar sclerosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
