Within a neuron, the neurotransmitters are stored where?

a. soma

b. axon

c. presynaptic terminal

This ion works to active neurotransmitters in presynaptic terminals.

a. ca++

b. na+

c. k+

Ions within the presynaptic terminal are activated when the cell membrane:

a. hypopolarizes

b. depolarizes

c. hyperpolarizes

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials cause

a.  depolarization

b. hyperpolarization

c. repolarization

inhibitory postsynaptic potetial cause

a. depolarization

b. hyperpolarization

c. repolarization

depolarization of postsynaptic membranes results in:

a. inhibition of action potentials

b. release of neurotransmitters

c. generation of action potentials

hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane results in

a. generation of an action potential

b. inhibition of neurotransmitter release

c. inhibition of action potentials

presynaptic inhibition causes

a. decreased duration of action potentials

b. decreased release of neurotransmitters

c. increased na+ activation

Decreased Ca++ in the presynaptic terminal results in

a. increased nurotransmitter release

b. decreased neurotransmitter release

c. lack of action potential

Endorphin relase inhibits the release of

a. ca++

b. AcH

c. Substance P

a single chemical messenger can act in which of these ways

a. as a neuromodulator

b. as a neurotransmitter

c. both a & b

Neuromodulators act on axons at the synaptic cleft

a. true

b. false

Activation of G proteins results in

a. activation of membrane channels

b. closing of membrane ion channels

c. gene suppression

which of these substances causes the longest duration of effect on postsynaptic cells

a. neuromodulators

b. substance p

c. EPSP

release of endorphin causes _____in the presynaptic membrane

a. hyperpolarization

b. hypopolarization

c. depolarization

How do neuromodulators relate to addiction to substances like cocaine, nicotine, and alcohol?

a. They inhibit the reabsorption of neurotransmitters

b. they inhibit the breakdown of neurotransmitters after reabsorption

c. both a & b

d. Neither a nor b

Antagonist drugs inhibit the release of a neurotransmitter/modulator.

a. true

b. false

Agonist drugs inhibit the release of a neurotransmitter/modulator.

a. true

b. false

What class of neurotransmitter is substance P?

a. peptide

b. amino acid

c. biogenic amine

AcH is what type of neurotransmitter:

a. nicotinic

b. muscarinic

c. cholinergic

AcH is most commonly found in the_____

a. CNS

b. PNS

c. postsynaptic terminal

AcH in the CNS performs what action

a. IPSP signals

b. passing signals within the CNS

c. neuromodulation

Muscarinic AcH receptors are mostly found where

a. cns

b. pns

c. autonomic nervous system

Muscarinic receptors are also known as

a. substance p receptors

b. inhibitory Ach recpetors

c. G protein receptors

Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is a disease that affects:

a. autoimmune responses

b. muscular strength

c. nicontinic AcH receptors

d. all of the above

e. a and c only

Botulism toxin serves what purpose as a medication?

a. it inhibits AcH

b. it reduces spasticity for a limited amount of time

c. both a & B

MG is more common in women under 50

a. true

b. false

A common symptom of MG is drooping eyelids because ________

a. the effects of the disease increase with repeated contractions

b. it specifically affects the eye muscles

c. the eye muscles have more motor units than other skeletal muscles

Anticholnesterase drugs treat MG by perfoorming what function

a. they inhibit the enzyme cholinesterase

b. they make AcH more available in the synaptic cleft

c. they cause the body to produce more AcH

d. both a and b

e. both b and c

Which of these is a common Tx for MG?

a. removal of the thymus gland

b. immunosuppression therapy

c. prednisone, cyclosporin, and/or azathioprine

d. all of these

Plasmapharesis is a therapy that removes antibodies from the plasma in order to treat MG

a. true

b. false

A pt. with MG has pronounced musclle weakness in the limbs, and complains of numbness and tiingling in the fingers and toes.  This is a normal presentation for this disease.

a. true

b. false

a patient complains of weakness in the arms and thighs as well as pain, and dry mouth.  What disorder do these symptoms suggest?

a. Myasthenia Gravis

b. Eaton Lambert Syndrome

c. polyneuropathy

Which of the following is TRUE about gammaglobulin therapy?

a. it inhibits the body's antibody function

b. it is a common treatment for Eaton Lambert Syn.

c. It is a common treament for  MG

d. both a and b

e. both a and c

Eaton Lambert Syndrome is related to the function of what ion?

a. na+

b. Ca++

c. K+

d. all of these

e. a and c only

What type of therapy should you avoid immediately after a CVA?

a. AROM

b. Intensive learning exercises

c. self-care practice

function of _______ is toxic to neurons at high concentrations

a. amino acid neurotransmitters

b. glutamate

c. GABA

Which neurootransmitter is partiicularly important during early learning?

a. aspartate

b. GABA

c. glutamate

GABA concentrations in the peripheral nervous system serve to regulate other neurotransmitter functions.

a. true

b. false

b. false

CNS only

Baclofen reduces spasticity by affecting function which of these NTs?

a. Dopamine

b. AcH

c. GABA 

Which of these is true about the effects of high GABA levels in the CNS?

a. it may cause seizures

b. it mimics drunken symptoms

c. impulse control may be deacreased

When is Baclofen contraindicated as a treatment for spasticity?

a. in people with seizure disorders

b. in people who are <2 days s/p CVA

c. in people with TBI

d. all of these

Dopamine function is affected in which of the following

a. seizure disorders

b. chronic depression

c. Parkinson's Disease

d. all of these

Drugs like cocaine affect the reuptake of which neurotransmitter

a. AcH

b. GABA

c. Dopamine

Norepinephrine is associated with which nervous system function

a. arrousal

b. movement coordination

c. learning new things

seratonin function affects which of these

a. mood

b. arrousal levels

c. sleep/wake cycles

c. a and c

d. all of these

Parkinson's disease results in visible changes within the structure of the brain.

a. true

b. false

a. true

substantia nigra changes

the dorsal horn ganglia is related to the function of which neuropeptide?

a. GABA

b. glutamate

c. substance p

d. histamine

the autonomic nervous system uses two primary neurotransmitters, which are:

a. AcH and norepinephrine

b. AcH and  dopamin

c. AcH and seratonin

which of these substances binds to Substance P receptors and thereby affects substance p function?

a. endorphin

b. morphine

c. heroin

d. opiates

e. all of these

this tx for PD increases the function of dopamine

a. dopamine precursor therapy

b. dopamine agonist therapy

c. anticholinergic

this tx for PD causes other substances in the body to perform like dopamine when dopamine levels are low

a. dopamine precursor therapy

b. dopamine agonist therapy

c. anticholinergic therapy

this treatment for PD primarily works to decrease tremor

a. dopamin precursor therapy

b. dopamine agonist therapy

c. anticholinergic therapy 

Problems with maintaining homeostatic functions in the body may be linked to dysfunction in what part of the CNS?

a. brainstem

b. frontal lobe

c. hypothalamus/limbic system

dysfunction or damage to the anterior region of the hypothalamus may result in

a. decreased blood pressure

b. decreased adrenal function

c. decreased thermal regulation

d. all of these

e. non of these

damage to the tubal region of the Hypothalamus results in

a. appetite changes

b. changes to thyroid function

c. GRH disregulation

d. all of these

e. none of these

the posterior mammillary region of the hypothalamus helps to regulate the somatic nervous system.

a. true

b. false

the lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus includes the

a. thirst center

b. gonadotropin releasing regulators

c. feeding center

d. highest concentration of neurons

humoral input to the hypothalamus is delievered via the

a. fluid electrolyte regulation systems

b. blood vascular system

c. optic chasm input

which of these systems is NOT connected to the hypothalamus

a. pituitary gland

b. spinal cord

c. reticular formation

d. deep auditory nuclei

The dorsal longitudinal fasciculus is the major route of HT influence on the

a. somatic nervous system

b. peripheral nervous system

c. autonomic nervous system

olfactory information travels to the HT via the

a. stria terminalis

b. fornix

c. medial forebrain bundle

the sick feeling in your stomach when you think about taking this exam is a function of which HT pathway?

a. corticohypothalamic

b. stria terminalis

c. mammillothalamic tract

the Papez Circuit is what type of system

a. symapthetic feedback loop

b. emotional feedback loop

c. endocrine regulation system

The HT monitors what substances in circulating blood?

a. glucose

b. hormones

c. ion concentration

d. a and b

e. all of these

Efferent pathways from the HT are often reciprocal with afferent pathways.

a. true

b. false

te hypophyseal portal system allows the HT to do what

a. have direct communication with the pituitary gland

b. regulate secretion of pituitary hormones

c. regulate hormonal function throughout the endocrine system

d. all of these

lesions to the HT result in

a. endocrin imbalance

b. diabetes insipidus

c. temperature regulation disfunction

d. all of these

e. a and c only

the amygdala is part of what  system in the brain

a. midbrain

b. frontal lobe

c. limbic system 

the primary function of the amygdala is to

a. link emotion and motivation responses

b. regulate emotion responses

c. decrease fear responses

the amygdala may be connected to whic disorder

a. schizophrenia

b. autism

c. obssesive compulsive disorder

whiich part of the limbic system may be involved in reward and reinforcement behaviors

a. amygdala

b. hippocampus

c. septal area

place the following in order from most superficial to most visceral

a. olfactory bulb

b. olfactory tract

c. olfactory epithelium and nerves

d. olfactory (piriform) cortex

Which of these is NOT a function of the olfactory system

a. sexual behavior

b. odor detection

c. memory and smell connections

d. male agnositc behavior

memory responses to olfactory stimuli are regulated by the olfactory system and the

a.  limbic system

b. olfactory tracts

c. hypothalamus 

a client is diagnosed with Kluver-Bucy Syndrome.  What symptoms would be unusual for this syndrome?

a. lack of arrousal or emotional response

b. increased sexual behavior and appetite

c. increased emotional lability and sleep/wake disturbance