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1679, invents a steam digester
Found that by boiling water, a piston would raise on the steam until it reached the top, then it removed the fire. Then, you would cool the cylinder naturally or with cold water and piston would drop. Called Papin’s steam digester (1679) |
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1698, patents a a fire engine to raise water by agency of fire
1699, Savery demonstrates working model of a fire engine to the British Royal Society; is granted patent control by the government
1702, Wrote The Miner's Friend
Granted patent on his engine, wrote The Miner’s Friend to describe his device, thought up the idea of horsepower. A pipe from the boiler carried the steam through the stop and go mechanism, then another pipe carries the steam to a long vertical type. Four of these engines were built. He marketed the idea of steam a lot and sold a lot of books, called attention to steam power. |
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1712, erects the first truly successful steam engine, at Coneygree coal mine.
Ironmonger, well-educated with property, created engine |
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1763-1800, introduces new steam engines using a separate condenser; Watt's engines used not only to pump water, but to directly drive machinery.
introduces new steam engines using a separate condenser; Watt's engines used not only to pump water, but to directly drive machinery.
1736-1819, Work prompted by experience with Newcomen engine, major innovation was a separate condenser, patent disputes in 1780-1790, work extended from 1763-1800
Built engine that connected directly to other machines with gears, employed by Glasgow University and set up a shop on the university property. Fixed the Newcomen’s engine problems – it could only form a few stirrups and had extremes between heating and cooling. Separate condenser for heating and cooling fixed this problem. Started out with a craft apprenticeship, tutored, did a lot of self-teaching and hands-on work. Partner was Boulton, he financed Watt’s work |
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| 1787, Scottish-born architect/engineer, named Surveyor of Public Works for Shropshire area in England: has growing influence on bridge building, and also canals. Made iron bridges and aqueducts and built canals. Lift bridges went over canal |
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1709, buys and rebuilds Coalbrookdale Old Furnace (originally built in 1638), now using coke as the fuel
Invented coke smelting and advanced the mass production of brass and iron goods. |
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| 1807, introduces lathe with slide rest for precision (1771-1831): Contributed ideas of cutting metal with precision (metal cutting lathe), developed a set of gages to measure the pieces, helped make parts on machines interchangeable. His efforts led to greater standardization of screws, gears, and tools. |
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| Changed people’s views on what can be used, cheaper than masonry, new processes are introduced to work with it, new techniques, more independently wealthy individuals, less class separation |
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| P¬ollution, rapid unplanned development, no foresight, unsafe worker conditions |
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1810, visits England and memorizes how textile power looms work; takes information back to the U.S.
1813, establishes, in Waltham, MA, the Boston Manufacturing Company; integrated factory run by water power, taking cotton all the way from raw material to finished cloth. Employment of mill girls in Lowell factories.
(1775-1817): Visited Britain and memorized machinery |
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| (1812-1887): Went to Britain, observed metal working, and took them back to Germany |
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1790-93, works with existing mills and establishes his own mill, using water power to spin thread.
emigrated in 1789 and opened the first textile factory in the US, chose to go to the US for better opportunities to set up business. |
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| France was more egalitarian towards to workers and fairness, not an exact copy. A lot of wealth and people, struggled with recurrent revolutions, had some protectionist policies in place (tariffs), they had old fashioned firms that would have suffered under new types, they didn’t have large coal reserves like Britain and Germany – had to import, but had access to water, they were populist but had lower population growth, less incoming labor especially coming from agriculture. |
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| 1801, made goods considered luxury |
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They came in later than France, had no tariff protection for textiles, took the unification of Germany to help industry, had no new inventions, highly dependent on foreign technology,
Rapidly expanded in government owned railroad, acquired French reasons as a part of war treaty – textile regions and met lurching areas, known for business combinations that supported entrepreneurs |
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| Wood and water powered technology and said technology focused on wood. Houses were framed with wood, there were split wood fences, economy was wood-based, and they traded wood for metal and cloth. The high tech industry of the day was ship-building, and barrels were the craft industry. The first milling/manufacturing places were about wood and how to cut/process timber, called reciprocating/sash sawmills. Industries used wood/water because of lack of steam power. Roads were made of wood and corduroy. The first factories made wooden nails. |
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| Wanted to keep markets dispersed like in agriculture, embargo raised textile prices (1810) |
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| Believed in subsidies and tariffs, Report on Manufactures |
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| Gave up guns for swords, swords had family value and an aesthetic; they brought sword combat which had valor and glory. Guns led to an indistinct difference in skill. Guns meant to give up European goods, which was brought on by western resistance, didn’t have pressures for defense or conquering. |
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| 1607-1610, made the effort to eliminate firearms. They preferred swords to guns, as swords had family value and an aesthetic. Sword combat focused on skill and could lead to valor and glory, but guns required minimal skill. They also resisted western technologies, and didn’t have the pressure to defend or conquer land. They encouraged people to turn in their guns so they could melt them down to build a Buddha statue. Gun makers were told they had to be government-approved to sell guns. They wanted to maintain a non-industrial lifestyle and chose which technologies to adopt. |
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A large reverberator furnace that removes more carbon during smelting, creates wrought iron which is soft and easily worked into functional, non-brittle iron. Iron can be used to make steel if the impurities, slag, are removed, plus the additional alloys are added
It transformed iron making with rapid production of molten iron. Wrought iron with its lower melting point and the higher temperatures of the blast furnace creates a continuous supply of molten iron. This supply was in greater quantity and speed – a late 16th century invention. Used to create medieval guns once gunpowder was created |
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| Used Slater’s blueprints. The river, with a waterwheel, was used to power the new machines. Slater hired children to maintain machinery. They had poor conditions and would run under the machines. He then hired families which helped to improve conditions. |
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| . They aimed to make an industrial community that they would govern. They ordered channels and canals to be built. Water powered four floors that would utilize cotton to weave cloth. They used automation and assembly line techniques. Thousands of farm girls maintained machines. |
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| Lowell - These girls traded their farm lifestyle to work machines. However, management controlled their lives – eating, sleeping, working, and resting. They lived in boarding houses ruled by house mothers and earned meager wages. The Lowell Offering was published in order to persuade women to come work with embellished anecdotes of heroic work. They desired an alternative to farm life and a way to support their family back home. Eventually these women organized the female worker reform effort. The revolt called for better hours. The mills hired Irish immigrants in response, and by the Civil War, half of the workforce was Irish. |
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| 1919, modernized textile business. He built a mill in Birmingham that used rayon fiber. This led to sheer tights and shorter hemlines. His success increased disparity between owners and workers. In the 30s, the villages grew angry and desired a raise. Eventually 400,000 workers left jobs during general strike in North and South Carolina, but depression weakened union (1934, United textile workers strike) |
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| Growth of iron and textile industries led to interest in canals, as they connected resources, factories and ports. They had been used in 4000BC already, and Italians were the pioneers. The French used in 1600s. |
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(1716-1772): Bridgewater canal, innovated sealing canal bottoms and sides to hold water more effectively, made aqueduct to prevent river from ruining into canal (raises water above river)
1759, Selected by Duke of Bridgewater for canal project linking Duke's coal mining interests near Manchester with, eventually, Liverpool. |
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| Made in 1777 and 93 miles long. Small towns would be created along the canal. |
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| (1730-1795): Involved in ceramics and canals provided smoother transport |
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It was built 1817-1825. It was a part of improving the internal infrastructure for promoting national growth, and was a strategic canal linking the east to the interior. Raw material was moved east, and finished goods were moved west. It was New York Governor De Witt Clinton’s vision. It was the greatest engineering feat of its time, a training ground for US engineers. It used Irish immigrants are laborers. Ultimately, it reduced the cost of sending freight.
364 miles long it went from Albany to Buffalo and connected the Great Lakes and rivers.
Provided revenue for New York and helped to disseminate people, ideas, and goods, plus American nationalism. |
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| French Technical Education |
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| State schools for the wealthy and politically connected. Middle class and lower class had some private colleges. In the 1780s, more accessible schools opened. State schools required rigorous testing and prep (expensive), had a system of state engineering education, reflected strong social class system, training for state service, and the French model adopted by many other European nations and Russia. System encouraged scientific work that would allow for admission to scientific programs. They did not encourage industrial research and innovation. State control stifled innovation |
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| German Technical Education |
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| Combined French model with practical experience. In 1899 they could bestow Ph.Ds. They were funded by provinces instead of national government. They were linked to local industries, especially the chemical and metallurgical industries. |
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| British Technical Education |
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| Split between formal military engineering and civil engineering done through apprenticeships. |
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| Settled on combination of formal education and job experience. Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 set up funding for states to start up a large agricultural and technical college. The military wanted domestic engineers. There was the rise of professional societies in mid-1800s. |
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| He created a plan in 1846 for a polytechnic school in Boston. He believed that science should occupy a crucial place in the training of architects, engineers, and other practical men. He had trouble securing funding in the aftermath of the Civil War. Eventually, MIT became one of the first land-grant institutions. It received support from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the form of land and funds, which helped the school to grow and prosper in the first thirty years. |
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| "Myth of the heroic inventor," Didn’t have one single inventor, had many who were working concurrently with similar ideas. The first modern technology from American engineers, as America needed internal transportation, eventually built canals, Eastern boats used Watt steam engines, Western were flat bottomed and powered by high-powered steam engines with paddle wheels |
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| One of the first American contributors, influenced steamboat development, didn’t work very well though, but laid foundations for a scientific approach to the boat, influenced by Newton’s Principia, saw relationships between pieces of machinery working together in one piece of technology, devised visual methods of analyzing machines, no success until 1787 where he demonstrated on the Platomec river |
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1787, successfully demonstrates his steamboat to attendees of the Constitutional Convention, held at Philadelphia.
One of the first American contributors, influenced steamboat development, didn’t work very well though, but laid foundations for a scientific approach to the boat, influenced by Newton’s Principia, saw relationships between pieces of machinery working together in one piece of technology, devised visual methods of analyzing machines, no success until 1787 where he demonstrated on the Platomec river |
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1807, Clermont becomes first practical and economically successful steamboat in the U.S.; in patent disputes with John C. Stevens.
The father of the railroads, also in the steamboat race, won the race in 1807 with better backing and design, made the first practical and economic steamboat, |
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| Fulton’s competition, made steam engine with screw propeller mechanism, made Phoenix in 1807, had the first oceanic voyage, |
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Charlotte Dundas: 1802-1803, a steamboat capable of canal transport. Boat that began to break up canal travel
Comet: Henry Bell’s boat in Scotland, was the first passenger ferryboat, still had a sail
Savannah: US ship in 1819 was first to make an entire voyage across the ocean with steam power, but the steam engine only went for a few days, steam was used to get out to sea, then be carried by sail over to Europe, future boats were only with sail or steam |
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| Surface condensers, high pressure steam engines, screw propellers, large iron hulls, eventually steam turbines |
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| Crossed ocean in 13 days with sail rig, |
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| 1858, it was Brunel’s creation - the largest ship in the world. He partnered with leading naval architect John Russell to build it. It experienced many troubles during its creation, and took many tries and a lot of money to launch. It never turned a profit. It was one of the first steamboats with a large, double iron hull. Other innovations included a combination of iron and wood used in its construction, and transverse and longitudinal watertight bulkheads. It was a ship very large for its time, and ports and Canals could not accommodate its size. It was used once to lay cables across the ocean for telegraphs. |
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| Social shifts in distilling |
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| Home distilling used to be women’s work. It was considered a mysterious art. They were the primary makers of alcoholic beverages in the Chesapeake area prior to the second half of the 18th century. Instructors of alcohol production in the late 18th to early 19th centuries aligned it with science. Thus, beer brewing changed to a task of science and mastery dominated by men. The exclusion of alcohol recipes and the shifting of their place in women’s cookbooks reinforced the idea that alcohol production was no longer women’s work. Also, new inventions such as the alembic still and the thermometer made alcohol production easier and cheaper and allowed every home to distill brews. The American Revolution promoted and supported the production and use of alcohol, and the displacement of women as the major producers of alcoholic beverages, as they went so far as to ban those who were not wives. |
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| Communications, people can go between places quickly, as can mail, helped with imperialism and war |
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1804, introduces first railway locomotive.
Made locomotives, demonstrated first one on circular track in London, built a road vehicle using steam before locomotive, but saw roads were unsuitable, but tracks for mines showed promise, used in ironworks, went five mph, made a ten mile trip, locomotives crushed rails, so they used raw iron instead, more towards idea of steel |
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| The first to carry passengers |
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| George and Robert Stephenson |
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| Chief engineer and high management role in developing railway systems in England, and son was engineer, worked specifically on locomotives and steam engines, Stephenson wanted to lay tracks seven feet apart |
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| Manchester and Liverpool Railroad |
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| Opened in 1830, a great occasion for Britain and the world. It became the model for all subsequent railroads. It was the first connection of a port city with an industrial city. It became the favored method of transportation, rather than canals, as it was faster transport, though not always smoother. It led to the rise of competition and choice among transportation methods. |
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| Organized principles and ideas, good for imperialism like England into India, United States used to develop interior, cars seen as dangerous, in France state controlled railways |
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| Where machines make the parts, requires less labor, and allows for simpler mass production, first seen in guns, rifles, and canons, strained relations with Britain promoted finding a way to produce larger quantities of guns, and not made out of wood |
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| Machines that made machines, was needed to achieve interchangeable parts, needed to standardize these machines. |
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| Organization of Operation |
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| Assumption that if you create parts well, the final assembly will be simple |
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| Assumption there is a mass consumer, a lot of people to buy a lot of stuff, could be an entity like the government |
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| Impact of the French arsenals |
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| Jean-Baptiste de Gribeauval wanted to rationalize gun manufacture, wanted to standardize weapons with standardized parts, most successful with gun carriages, Honore Blanc came closer to uniformity in musket parts, Louis Tousard’s book The American Artillerist’s Companion helped to transfer French ideas to the American military |
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| American Artillerists Companion |
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1809, influence on fledgling U.S. Corps of Artillerists and Engineers.
It is Louis Tousard’s 1809 book, which helped to transfer French ideas about manufacturing to the American system and military. These ideas include interchangeable parts, specialized machinery, organization of operation, and mass production. Most of all, they wanted to standardize weapons with standardized parts. |
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1798, gets contract with U. S. government for 10,000 muskets.
Claimed invention of cotton gin, possibly combination of ideas others had been working on and patented a more refined form, it is a combing device to get things out of cotton fibers, suggested uniformity principle of parts as it applied to armaments, eventually staged a demonstration for government officials to show he had achieved interchangeability with gun parts but it was a farce |
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1798, also awarded government gun contracts, has greater success manufacturing standardized parts, using special-purpose machinery
Gained government contracts, and introduced making gun lock parts to a standard and making them with special machinery that would be calibrated to a standard gage |
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| Interchangeability and the private sector |
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| Appeared in 1810-1840 through attempts of craftsmen and entrepreneurs for the average consumer. Examples include clocks in the domestic and export market, had to keep market through innovation |
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1818, at Springfield Armory, invents the copying or pattern lathe.
Pattern lathe, This helped promote interchangeability in metal cutting. It could make copies of keys, and spread out to furniture like table legs and chair legs, as well as gun part replication – a part of interchangeability efforts throughout 1810-1840. |
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| The first interchangeable gun in 1841 |
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| Dropped a heavy weight on soft metal sitting on soft metal and punch it, used in armory system |
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| Worker Rebellion at Harper's Ferry |
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| : 1830, a disgruntled worker murdered a newly appointed manager for driving the workers too hard, displacement of labor broke down manager-worker relations broken down and/or readjusted, differences among skilled and unskilled labor becomes greater, rebellion represents difference between Harpers and Springfield and change. |
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| Springfield vs. Harper's Ferry |
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| Springfield was closer to urban areas, had many church-going workers, and had more educated workers – an indication of how people adjusted to changes, Harpers Ferry considered the rural frontier, first church and public schools did not come till mid-1800s,associated work discipline with slavery (southern), they resisted scheduling, took their own holidays, and often shifted jobs at will, records of drinking on the job, machinery seen as a way to get more time off without losing job, Springfield lasted until 1968 making guns, Harpers Ferry became a victim of the Civil War, was in a more politically and socially charged area |
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| Introduced guns outside of government shops. A business man with little technical knowledge, had a factory built, opened private armory in 1955 to manufacture his revolving pistol, established another in London to spread new techniques, went into heavy mechanization including using drop presses, but had trouble with interchangeable parts, those parts cost more to produce than hand-fitted ones, had to invest a lot in machinery and time to get the machine tools to make these parts, a lot of research to achieve, easier to hire cheap labor for hand-filing, |
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| Eli Terry – manufactured wooden clocks with specialized machines for a market not for the government, metal clocks began to be produced, Howe created rudimentary sewing machine, Singer emphasized massive use of cheap labor for sewing |
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| Crystal Palace at the Great Exhibition |
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| 1851, Considered world fair, wanted to showcase British industrial might and products, the building was an architectural feat of metal and glass, countries displayed industrial works in technology, science, and culture, brought in international judges to judge mechanics and give out prizes, contention occurred when Americans won many awards with revolvers, guns, agricultural machinery, |
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| Short term benefits, like faster transit |
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| Long term trends, like pollution and traffic buildup |
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| Mechanization of the Farm |
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| 1860: 4 million farms in the US, farm population of 18 million, 1970: less than 3 million farms, farm population of 9.7 million, 1988: Farmers down to less than 2% of population in the U.S |
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| Created social change, unlike gadgets |
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1831, developed. 1834, patents reaper.
Was a base for the mechanization of farming initially in America then the world, made by Cyrus McCormick, brought many farm implements into one machine and added a few new ones, centralized production in Chicago, Midwest became the grain belt and a railroad hub, had showroom demonstrations, payment plans, debuted at Crystal palace, realized needed continued innovations to maintain market |
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| Singer factory, low wages for America, was biggest manufacturing plant in 1870, used similar ideas to McCormick, with high quality and low prices, dealerships, ads, and contests, created foot sewing machine, boomed because of war, started making shoes with machines, machine made clothes a sign of status, luxury and common item tensions, |
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Henry Mill patented typewriter in 1714, William Austin Burt patents typewriter in America 1829, Oliver Eddy of Baltimore patents typewriter with piano keyboard in 1850 – basis for the first successful writer Remington 1, model for Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden, and Samuel Soule in 1868, 1870 Philo Remington mass produced them with knowledge of machinery.
Women could get jobs as typists in increasing numbers, the job of the typist used to be a man’s job like telephone operation, one of their first white-collar jobs, paid better than blue-collar workers, gave women a respectable way to support themselves, losing factory opportunities to immigrants, wages eventually became lower as popularity climbed, wages returned to equal around 1960-1970, |
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| 1750, Allows American colonies to send pig iron to England, but prohibits colonial manufacturing of iron into finished products that might compete with products being sent for sale by England. |
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| 1759, publication of his experiments on water power, shows overshot waterwheel has best efficiency. |
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| Jean-Baptiste de Gribeauval |
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| 1765, seeks to rationalize French armaments by introducing standardized weapons with standardized parts. Most successful with gun carriages. |
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| 1769, patents a spinning frame powered by water; it becomes known as the water frame; machine could spin a much stronger thread than single hand-spinning wheels. |
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| 1784, invents new wrought iron process, using special reverberatory furnaces. |
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| 1826, achieves true interchangeability of gun parts at Harper's Ferry Armory, using specialized machinery. |
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| 1846, patents rudimentary sewing machine. |
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| 1851, patents his sewing machine |
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