Term
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Definition
Penicillin G: acid labile, highly potent
Penicillin V: acid stable, low potency
Beta lactam ring + thiazolidine ring (1 R group)
Narrow spectrum: Gram + bacilli/cocci, Gram – cocci and spirochetes |
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Term
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Definition
Beta lactam ring + dihydrothiazine ring (2 R groups)
Wider spectrum |
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Term
| Beta lactamase inhibitors |
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Definition
Clavulanic acid
Sulbactam
Tazobactam |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Bactericidal
Narrow spectrum (only gram +)
Used primarily in treatment of clostridium dificile |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Bactericidal
Very nephrotoxic (DON’T GIVE IV)
Primarily in topical ointments and bowel sterilization |
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Term
| Mycobacterial infection drugs |
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Definition
All inhibit cell wall synthesis
Isoniazid
Ethionamid
Ethambutol
Cycloserine |
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Term
| Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis |
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Definition
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
Macrolides
Lincosamides
Streptogramins
Oxazolidinones |
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Term
| Antibiotics that inhibit folic acid synthesis |
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Definition
Sulfonamides
Dapsone and Para-aminosalicyclyic acid
Trimethoprim
Cotrimoxazole |
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Term
| Antibiotics that inhibit nucleic acid function |
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Definition
Metronidazole
Rifampin
Nalidixic acid
Quinolones |
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Term
| Antibiotics that interact with cytoplasmic membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| Other beta lactam antibiotics |
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Definition
Carbapenems (broad spectrum)
Monobactam (narrow spectrum) |
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Term
| Aminoglycosides (Streptomycin) |
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Definition
Taken up via O2 dependent process (doesn’t work in aneorobic conditions)
Bactericidal: irreversible binding to ribosomal subunit
Poorly absorbed (give IV), and has narrow spectrum (Gram -)
Side effects: ototoxic and nephrotoxic
Resistance mechs:
Enzyme modification: antibiotic specific (can use diff aminoglycoside)
Decreased uptake/increased expulsion/mutation of binding site
These mechs result in cross resistance for all aminoglycosides |
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Term
| Tetracyclines (-cyclines) |
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Definition
(From streptomyces)
Bacteriostatic: reversible binding to ribosomal subunit
Broad spectrum, oral absorption
Side effects: discoloration of teeth and GI effects
If resistant to one, the bacteria is resistanct to all
Mechs of resistance: less permeable, active efflux, alteration of ribosomal binding site, and enzymatic modification |
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Term
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Definition
Bacteriostatic: reversible binding to ribosomal subunit
Broad spectrum, oral absorption
Side effects: Bone marrow depression [dose dependent] (anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia) and aplastic anemia (dose independent)
Mechs of resistance: acetyl transferase and mutation of OMPs |
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Term
| Macrolides (Erythromycin, azithromycin) |
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Definition
Bacteriostatic, binds to ribosomal subunit
Broad spectrum
Mechs of resistance: alteration of ribosomal subunit; esterase |
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Term
| Lincosamides (Clindamycin) |
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Definition
Mostly for anaerobic bacteria; important in MRSA
Bacteriostatic: binds to ribosomal subunit
Mechs of resistance: alteration of ribosomal subunit
High incidence of GI effects and causing c. dificile |
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Term
| Streptogramins (Synercid) |
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Definition
Bactericidal: inhibits protein synthesis by binding ribosomal subunit and prematurely releasing the growing peptide
For use in Gram + bacteria: imp in Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus
Hepatotoxic side effects |
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Term
| Oxazolidinones (Linezolid) |
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Definition
Bacteriostatic: inhibits protein synthesis at ribosome
Useful for VREF and MRSA
Side effects: interaction with OTC cold meds |
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Term
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Definition
Bacteriostatic, broad spectrum, competitive inhibitor for PABA
Used in UTI’s, GI infections, and topical applications
Side effects: hypersensitivity and blood abnormalities
Mechs of resistance
Overproduction of PABA
Alteration of tetrahydropteroic acid synthetase
Folic acid dependency
Decreased permeability |
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Term
| Dapsone and Para-aminosalicyclic acid |
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Definition
Structure, mechanism of action and resistance similar to sulfonamides
Narrow spectrum: mycobacteria |
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Term
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Definition
Structure: 2,4-diaminopyrimidine
Bacteriostatic: inhibitor of DHF reductase
Used for UTI’s and traveler’s diarrhea
Pharmacology is same as sulfonamides
Side effects: hypersensitivity and blood abnormalities
Mech of resistance:
Overproduction of DHF acid
Alteration of DHF reductase
Folic acid dependency
Decreased permeability |
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Term
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Definition
Trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole
When combined with the other folic acid synthesis inhibitor, it becomes bactericidal since you’ve inhibited 2 steps |
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Term
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Definition
Bactericidal, narrow spectrum (anaerobic bacteria and anaerobic protozoa) Trichomonas vaginalis
Breaks down DNA, RNA, protein
Side effects: alcohol interaction |
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Term
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Definition
Broad spectrum, inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Useful for mycobacterium tuberculosis; resistance develops fairly quickly
Side effects: skin rashes and thrombocytopenia
Mech of resistance: alteration of RNA polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibits bacterial DNA gyrases and topoisomerases
Narrow spectrum (Gram -), not very potent; usually for UTI’s |
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Term
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Definition
Broad spectrum (+ and -) , oral administration
Inhibits bacterial DNA dependent gyrase and topoisomerases
GI side effects
Mechs of resistance:
Alteration of bacterial DNA gyrase/topoisomerases
Alteration of outer membrane proteins
Export of antimicrobial agent through efflux pumps |
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Term
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Definition
Polymixin E = colistin
Bactericidal, cationic detergent, disrupts cell membrane
Narrow spectrum (Gram – bacilli)
Used in topical ointments + bacitracin, neomycin
Used orally for gut sterilization
Used in systemic infections (acinetobacter and pseudomonas)
Side effects: neurotoxic and nephrotoxic
Mech of resistance: alteration of LPS |
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Term
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Definition
Mech of action: membrane depolarization and disruption of ionic gradients
Narrow spectrum (Gram + bacteria) |
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Term
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Definition
Lipophilic antibiotic binding to DNA
Treatment of leprosy |
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Term
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Definition
Mech unknown
Treats tuberculosis |
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