alteration between loud and soft.

sudden shift, physically stepping from one level to another.

keyboard instrument

could make gradual dynamic changes, but only in a narrow range, from ppp to mp.

usually played by two instruments, a keyboard instrument and a low melodic instrument.

bass part accompaniment.

bass part with numbers

specify only basic chords, performer is given a great deal of freedom.

a small group of soloists is pitted against a larger group of players called the tutti.

solosists play with a group of musicians for the tutti.

fast slow fast, three movements

first and last movements of concerti grossi are in this form

based on alternation between tutti and solo sections.

tutti opens with a theme called the ritornello

opens the tutti in ritornello form.

returns in different keys throughout the movement in fragments.

a polyphonic composition based on one main theme, called a subject.

throughout different melodic lines imitate the subject. 

flexible form

between presentations of the subject

transitional sections

offer new material or fragments of the subject or countersubject.

a subject is imiatated before it is completed, one voice tries to catch the other

common in fugues

fugue subject can be turned upside down.

like, if subject moves upward by leap, the inversion will move downward the same distance.

text of the opera, lyrics

set to music by the composer

writes the text of the opera.

dramatist

voice categories of opera

(from highest to lowest)

coloratura soprano - high, scales, trills

lyric soprano - high light voice

dramatic soprano - full powerful

lyric tenor - light, bright

dramatic tenor - powerful, heroic

basso buffo - comic roles, sings rapidly

basso profondo - very low, powerful, dignity

a song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment.

outpouring of melody that expresses an emotional state.

lasts several minutes and has a definite beginning, high point, and end.

a vocal line that imitates the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech.

lead into arias often

words are sung quicly and clearly, often on repeated tones.

one note to each syllable.

used for monologues and dialogues that connect the more melodic secitons of the opera.

caries action forward

overture

(or prelude)

open operas

purely orchestral composition

short musical statement from material heard later in the opera.

aria in A B A form

after B section, th term da capo is written, which means from the beginning.

ground bass

or basso ostinato

first presents a slow section with dotted rhythms that is full of dignity and grandeur. second section is quick and lighter in mood often beginning like a fugue.

common opening, type of piece heard at beginning of baroque oratorios and operas

hymn tune

sung to a german religous text

one note to syllable

originally menat a piece that was sung

principle means of musical expression in the lutheran service

sermon in music that reinforced the minister's sermon

a large scal composition for chorus, vocal soloists and orchestra

set to a narrative text

differes fro opera, no acting scenery or costumes.

most based on biblical stories, but usually they are not intended for religious services.

melodic accompanied recitative

vocal line is something between a recitative and an aria, more lyrical than the one, less elaborate than the other.

refers to the form of a single movement.

opening fast movement of a classical symphony, sonata is usually in sonata form.

also used in slow movements.

consists of the exposition, development and recapitulation.

bridge

or transition

brings resolution as we hear the first theme in the tonic key again.

all principle matter is the same as the exposition but in tonic key.

a basic musical idea, the theme is repeated over and over and is changed each time.

each variation is unique and may differ in mood.

accompanies original melody

creates polyphonic texture.

often used as the third movement of classical symphonies, string quartets and other works. 

originated as a dance.

written for listening. in triple meter, moderate temp

A B A (trio, minuet, trio)

features a tuneful main theme, which rturns several times in alternation with other themes. common patterns are

A B A C A

A B A C A B A

contains a development section like that in sonata form and is outlined

A B A development A B A

an extended, ambitious composition typically lasting between 20 and 45 minutes, exploiting the expanded range of tone color and dynamics of the classical orchestra.

1. vigourous fast movement 2 lyrical slow mocment 3. dancelike movement 4. brilliant heroic fast movement

written for two violens, a viola, and a cello. 

most important form in classical chamber music

1. fast 2. slow 3. minuet or scherzo 4. fast

tu se morte

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dido's lament

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la primavera movement I

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evry valley shall be exaulted

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symphony number 4 in g minor 4th mvnt

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symphony 94 2nd movement

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