Term
| Paleolithic (Old Stone) Age |
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Definition
| The Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence. (7) |
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Definition
| The human species that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period. (8) |
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| Neolithic (New Stone) Age |
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Definition
| The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished. |
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Term
| 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution |
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Definition
| The Neolithic revolution involved the development of agriculture. This occurred in different times in different places. Agriculture created important changes from humankind’s hunting-and-gathering past, going well beyond food supply. |
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Term
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Definition
| The succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500-3500 B.C.E. (11) |
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Definition
| Means of obtaining subsistence by human species prior to the adaptation of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of band social organization. (11) |
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Definition
| From about 4000 B.C.E., when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500 B.C.E. when iron began to replace it (13) |
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Term
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Definition
| The emergence of civilization occurred in many though not all agricultural societies. It often built on additional changes in technology including the introduction of metal tools. Most civilizations had common features including cities, writing, and formal states. Early civilizations formed in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus River basin, and China. These can be compared to determine other commonalities plus early differences. |
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Term
| slash and burn agriculture |
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Definition
| A system of cultivation typical of shifting cultivators; forest floors cleared by fire are then planted. (13) |
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Definition
| A level of social organization normally consisting of 20 to 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis. (14) |
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Term
| Çatal Hüyük [chät l hU yook] |
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Definition
| Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification. (14) |
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Term
| Cuneiform [kyU nEE uh fôrm, kyU nEE uh-] |
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Definition
| A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets. (15) |
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Definition
| Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups. (15) |
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Definition
| Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies. (15) |
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Term
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Definition
| Literally “between the rivers”; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys. (16) |
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| People who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 B.C.E.; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states. (17) |
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Term
| Babylonians; Babylonian Empire |
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Definition
| Unified all of Mesopotamia c. 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion c. 1600 B.C.E. (19) |
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Definition
| The most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law. (19) |
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Definition
| Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs. |
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Term
| Indus River; Indus River Valley |
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Definition
| River sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization. (21) |
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Term
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Definition
| Along with Mohenjo-daro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern. (21) |
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Term
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Definition
| Along with Harrapa, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on a planned grid pattern. (21) |
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Term
| Huanghe (Yellow River); Huanghe |
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Definition
| Also knowns as Yellow River; site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China; Yellow River: Also known as the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China. (21) |
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Term
| Huanghe (Yellow River); Huanghe |
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Definition
| Also knowns as Yellow River; site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China; Yellow River: Also known as the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China. (21) |
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Term
| 1.4 The Heritage of the River Valley Civilizations (24) |
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Definition
| River valley civilizations left a number of durable achievements. But most river valley civilizations declined after about 1200 B.C.E. A number of small centers emerged in the Middle East; these introduced further innovations including the religion of Judaism. |
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Definition
| Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean. (25) |
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Term
| Harappan civilizations; Harappan civilization |
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Definition
| First civilization of India subcontinent; emerged in Indus River Valley c. 2500 B.C.E. (26) |
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Term
| Harappan civilizations; Harappan civilization |
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Definition
| First civilization of India subcontinent; emerged in Indus River Valley c. 2500 B.C.E. (26) |
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Term
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Definition
| The divine source for political legitimacy of Chinese rulers; established by Zhou to justify overthrow of Shang. (26) |
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Definition
| The exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization. (27) |
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Term
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Definition
| The exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization. (27) |
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Term
| 1.5 The First Civilizations (28) |
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Definition
| The first civilizations developed in the Middle East, in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Mesopotamian civilization featured distinctive culture and political institutions, along with basic tools of civilization including writing and formal government. |
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| Chapter Two: Classical Civilization: China (34) |
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| Philosophy associated with Laozi; stressed need for alignment with Dao, or cosmic force. (35) |
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| Originally a vassal family of Shang China; possibly Turkic in origin; overthrew Shang and established second historical Chinese dynasty. (36) |
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Definition
| Also known as Kung Fuzi; major Chinese philosopher; born in the 6th century B.C.E.; author of Analects; philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi. (37) |
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Term
| Qin; Qin dynasty [chin]: |
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Definition
| Established in 221 B.C.E. at the end of thw Warring States period following the decline of the Zhou dynasty; fell in 207 B.C.E. (37) |
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Term
| Qin; Qin dynasty: [chin]: |
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Definition
| Established in 221 B.C.E. at the end of thw Warring States period following the decline of the Zhou dynasty; fell in 207 B.C.E. (37) |
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Term
| Qin; Qin dynasty [chin]: |
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Definition
| Established in 221 B.C.E. at the end of thw Warring States period following the decline of the Zhou dynasty; fell in 207 B.C.E. (37) |
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Term
| Shi Huangdi [shOE hwäng dEE] |
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Definition
| Founder of the brief Qin dynasty in 221 B.C.E. (37) |
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Term
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Definition
| Chinese defensive fortification intended to keep out the nomadic invaders from the north; initiated during Qin dynasty and reign of Shi Huangdi. (38) |
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Definition
| Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Qin in 202 B.C.E.; ruled for the next 400 years. (73) |
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Term
| 2.3 Political Institutions (38) |
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Definition
| Political institutions became one of classical China’s hallmarks. The power of the emperor, the development of a bureaucracy, and the expansion of state function combined together. |
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Term
| 2.4 Religion and Culture (40) |
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Definition
| Chinese culture featured the development of the Confucian system. Daoism, a distinctive science and artistic traditions complemented this emphasis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Teaching of the Rival Chinese Schools (42) |
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Term
| 2.5 Economy and Society (44) |
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Definition
| China’s economy featured extensive internal trade but some ambivalence about merchants. Important technological innovations occurred. Social inequality included some respect for the peasant masses. China’s family system stressed a rigid patriarchy. |
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Term
| 2.6 How Chinese Civilization Fits Together (47) |
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Definition
| Chinese civilizations featured well-defined parts, like the imperial systems and Confucianism. These also fit together, which is a key reason emperors ultimately encouraged Confucianism. Even family structures related to larger institutions and values. |
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Definition
| The most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the European, Indian, and Chinese civilizations; transmitted goods and ideas among civilizations. (49, 94) |
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Term
| Chapter Three: Classical Civilization: India (50) |
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Definition
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Term
| 3.2 The Framework for Indian History: Geography and a Formative Period (51) |
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Definition
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| Successor of Phillip II; successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to his death in 323 B.C.E.; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures. (51) |
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Definition
| Mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent; site of the Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms or warrior republics. (52) |
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Definition
| Seasonal winds crossing Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia; during summer bring rains. (52) |
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| Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society. (52) |
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| The sacred and classical Indian language. (52) |
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| Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E. (52) |
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| Mahabharata [muh hä bär uh tuh] |
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Definition
| Indian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the last centuries B.C.E.; previously handed down in oral form. (52) |
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| clusters of case groups in Aryan society; four social castes – Brahmans (priests), warriors, merchants, and peasants; beneath the four Aryan castes was a group of socially untouchable Dasas. (53) |
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| Lowest caste in Indian society; performed tasks that were considered polluting – street sweeping, removal of human waste, and tanning. (53) |
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| Chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-working warrior. (53) |
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Term
| 3.3 Patterns in Classical India (53) |
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Definition
| Two major empires formed at crucial periods in classical Indian history, the Mauryan and, later, the Gupta. |
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Term
| Chandragupta Maurya [chun druh gUp tuh mour EE uh] |
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Definition
| Founder of Maurya dynasty; established first empire in Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization. (54) |
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Definition
| Dynasty established in Inidan subcontinent in 4th century B.C.E. following invasion by Alexander the Great. (54) |
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| Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religion throughout his empire. (54) |
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Definition
| The caste position and career determined by a person’s birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one’s social position and perform occupation to the best of one’s abilities in order to have a better situation in the next life. (54) |
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| Dynasty that succeeded the Mauryas in northwestern Inida; sponsors of Buddhism; empire did not extend to Ganges River valley. (55) |
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Definition
| Dynasty that succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century C.E.; built empire that extended to all but the southern tip of Indian subcontinent; less centralized than Mauryan Empire. (55) |
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| 3.4 Political Institutions (55) |
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Definition
| India did not place as much emphasis on politics as China did, in part because of the structures implanted in the caste system. Regional political units were often highlighted. |
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| Political advisor to Chandragupta |
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| one of the authors of Arthashastra; believed in scientific application of warfare. (56) |
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| 3.4 Religion and Culture (57) |
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Definition
| Two major religions, Hinduism and Buddhism, marked classical India. Artistic patteres were linked to religion. A significant scientific tradition developed as well. |
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| Brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas. (58) |
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| The Brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshipped. (58) |
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| The Brahman, later Hindu, god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic forces of change. (58) |
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Definition
| the successive attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits earned in previous lives. (58) |
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| Creator of major Indian and Asian religion; born in 6th century B.C.E. as son of local ruler among Aryan tribes located near Himalayas; became an ascetic; found enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things. (59) |
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| The Buddhist state of enlightenment, a state of tranquility. (59) |
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| Stone shrines built to house pieces of bone or hair and personal possessions said to be relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms. (61) |
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| 3.5 Economy and Society (61) |
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Definition
| India developed extensive internal and maritime trade. Family life combined patriarchy with an emphasis on affection. |
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Term
| 3.6 Indian Influence (65) |
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Definition
| Because of extensive trade, Indian artistic and cultural influence spread widely, particularly in southeast Asia. Buddhism was a leading cultural export. |
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Term
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Definition
| China and India offer important contrasts in political emphases, social systems, and cultures. They also resembled each other in seeking to build stable structures over large areas and in using culture to justify social inequality. |
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