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| by 1077, explosive conflits had arisen between secular rulers and church officials. the longest and most destructive struggle pitted popes against the rulers of the ____ ____ _____, who ruled lands from germany to italy. |
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| crowned king of germany; later he also became the holy roman emperor. |
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| Gregory banned the practice of lay intestiture(the emperor or another lay person 'invested', or presented bishops with the ring and staff that symbolized their office.) Henry argued that bishops helf their lands as royal fiefs. since he was thir overlord, henry feld intitled to give them the symbols of office.. Gregory excommunicated Henry, freeing his subjects from their allegiance to the emperor. once henry was no longer excommunicated he returend to germany and took revenge on gregory by leading and army to Rome and forcing hte pope to exile |
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| said the emperor or another lay person "invested", or presented, bishops with the ring and staff that symbolized their office. only the pope said gregory, had the right to appoint and install bishops. |
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| or "red barbarossa". for years he fought to bring wealthy cities of Northern italy under coltrol they resisted.by joining forces witht he pope in the lombard league, they finally managed to defeat barbarossa's armies. He did suceeed in arranging a marriage between his son Henry and Constance heiress to Sicily. |
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| in 1198, took office. as head of the church he proclaimed supremacy over all other ruulers. Innocent III clashed with all powerfulk rulers of his day, and usually won. |
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