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| The english outpost in Virgina, North America planted in 1607 (during the same time as the French in quebec-1608 and the spanish in santa fe-1610) |
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| A spanish fleet of ships sent to invade England by Phillip II of spain (foe of Protestant reformation) in 1588. They were beaten by the english sea dogs with better ships and marked the end of the spanish imperial dreams and the beginning of englands confidence |
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| Forerunner of the modern corporation enabling a considerable number of investors (adventurers) to pool their capital. Provided the financial means for english colonization. (Virginia company-stock company-recieved charrter for settlement in New World) |
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| Term for the natural rights of english people (however the feeling these rights were violated became justifications for the american revolutioon and seperation from britain) |
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| A young adventurer who whippd the gold hungry colonists into line with rule. (no work no eat...priorly kidnapped by the Powtans and "saved" by Pocahantas) |
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| Govenor who orderd the fleeing colonists back to Virgina and set up a harsh military regime on the colony. Later carrried orders from Virginia company to war against the Native Americans using "Irish tactics" |
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| War declared after Indian attacks on land thirsty whites in 1644. Indians were defeated and the peace treaty of 1646 banished chesepeake indians from their land and seperated white and indian settlement |
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| Native people in the great lakes area who became a substantial regiant powera and dealt with Europeans with strength making British/French traders conform to Indian ways |
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| The year in which slaves were first sold in America (Jamestown) and the year that representative self-government was born in Virginia (the london company authorized settlers to summon assembly of the House of Burgesses) |
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| Fathered by John Rolfe, the tobacco industry saved the Virginia colony economically. The weed-king nicotine- had perfecting planting methods by 1612 and soon european demand was great. However it was ruinous to the soil and demanded fresh labor |
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| The first of many minature parliments in America (authorized by the london company) and representative self government born in 1619. Distrusted by James I |
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| Founder of Maryland (1634) who wanted to reap financial profits and create a refuge for Catholic followers. He permitted freedom of worship hoping to purchase toleration from fellow worshipers |
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| Passed by the representative assembly (1649 MD) guarenteeing tolerance to all christians (and death penalty to jews/atheists/no divine jesus)Protected uneasy catholic minority in Maryland |
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| Poor mans crops were tobacco because it could be planted easily and required only simple processing while rich mans crops were sugar cane requiring extensive planting land and labor (slaves) |
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| These two outposts were the most democratic, independent minded, and least aristocratic. Both had bloody relations between Indians and Europeans |
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| Founded in 1733 (last of 13 colonies) to be buffer colony to protect Carolina against Spaniards (FL)and Frecnch (Louis). Only colony to recieve monetary subsides from Britain. Produced silk and wine, determined to have no slaves |
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| Crops, mainly in the southern colonies devoted to exporting commercial agricultuire products. Notably rice and tobacco? |
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| Belief that god is all powerfull and good while humans, because of the corruptign effect of original sin, are week and wicked. God knows who is going to heaven/ hell from the creation of soles |
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| A simple agreement to form a crude government and to submit to the will of the majoraty under agreed regulations drawn up by the Pilgrim leaders and signed by 41 adult males |
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| The Puritans believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership, but seperists puritans disliked that these saints would be sharing membership with kings subjects and vowed to break from Church of England |
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| A franchise (voting rights) extended to all "freemen" or adult males belonging to the Puritan church congregations allowing them to discuss public issues and vote on them |
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| The Puritans belief that pleassures (sex) were a gift from god and they should only be enjoyed in private |
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| The Puritans were democratic if you were in the church otherwise denied your individualism |
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| Challenged Puritan Orthadoxy with theological argument that holey life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved dont need to follow law of god/man. Later she and her family was banished and walked to RI where they were attacked by Indians. Now she is considered a herioine of history |
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| Radical seperatisist who wanted a clean break with the church and challenged Bay Colony's charter for taking the Indians land unfairly and denied authority of civil government to regulate religion. Banished to England but escaped to RI and built baptist church and established free religion |
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| Established by Roger Williams aided by friendly indians, granted freedom of religion (even jews and catholics), no oaths regardding religious belief, no complusary attendance at worship, no laws to support church. Most liberal colony in New World, became strongly individualistic and independent |
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| A trailblazing document drafted in 1639 by settlers of the new conneticut river colony which was in effent a modern constitution establishing a regime democratically controlled by the "substantial" citizens (later feautures of the orders were borrowed fro conneticuts colonial charter and dtate constitution) |
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| Named kinf phillip by the england, Massasoits son, Metacom forged a large intertribal indian alliance and mounted coordinated atacks on English villages in New England. Hundreds colonists/indians died and metacoms head was carried back on a pike to plymouth after his loss |
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| A period when the much resented navigation laws were only weakly enforced after new royal govenors were appointed following the glorious revolution |
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| Created by royal authority it embraced all of New england and later New York/Jerseys. Aimed at bolstering colonial defensein case of war with enemy. Designed to promote efficiency in administration of English Navigation Laws (1686) |
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| Head of New England Dominion, able military man who established headquartes in Puritan Boston (disliked for connection with church) with unwanted soldiers, laid restrictions on court, press, schools, land titles, taxed people without consent, enforced disliked Navigation Laws. Later when dominion fell after Glorous Revolution he was caught in england. |
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Originally Dutch New Neatherlands, the Englsish looked at them as intruders untill 1664 when Charles II granted land to his brother, duke of york and dutch Peter Stuyvescant reluctantly surrendered.
Originally illiberal and aristocratic with disproportioned land policies which descouraged many new settlers. |
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Officially known as Religious Society of Friends, they were offensive to authorities and the church of england. They did not oath and abandoned warfare&military but instead used passive resistance, democracy adn religious civic freedom.
Found refuge in Pennsylvania |
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| Founded by william penn to establish a quaker place, test liberal ideas and make a profit in 1681. The indians were treated fairly freedom of religion (except jews, catholics enforced by england) no military, no slaves |
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| Life in Chesepeake for early settlers was short due to disease/shortage of woman (1/6) prevented families which were few and fragile. Eventually native borns got immunity to disease and more woman helped crisis |
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| One who voluntarily mortgaged the sweat of their bodies (for chesepeake master) in return for a transatlantic passage and eventual freedom dues indludign few corn barrels, suit, small bit of land. |
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| A system to encourage the importation of servant workers by giving one who paid the passage for a laborer 50 acres of land |
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Led by Nathanial Bacon in 1676 a thousand landless and impoverished "freemen" done with servitude (and servants, blacks, opposers) rebelled against Berkely, Virginias governor. They disliked his leniant Indian policies and the fur trade he monopolized and their treatment. They attaked the indians and drove him out of Jamestown and put fire to the capital.
Ended when Bacon died of disease |
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| The transatlantic sea voyage that brought slaves to the New World (the long and hazardous middle segment of the journey that started with a forced march to the African coast and ended with a trek to the American interior) |
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| Form the start of New England the Puritan colonists had strong families and woman wed in their early 20's and produced babies ever two years. Though child birth was feared many woman had about 10 pregnancies and eight children (who grew up in nurturing enviroments and learned obediance) |
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| Because of frequent deaths of young husbands in the south, married woman were allowed to have a seperate property title. But in New england law makers decided it would undercut the unity of marriage and did not allow it, however they secured provisions fro widows and extended important protections within marriage (abusive spouse) Still, woman were considered inferiors and couldnt vote in New world (marriage not absolute) |
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| Puritans ran their own churches and democracy in congregational church government which led to democracy in political government with town meetings |
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| When adult males met together and each got to vote and ellect officials, apoint school masters, and discuss matters. (Showcase & clasroom of democracy) |
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| Starting in 1692 by the claim of adolecent girls in salem mass saying to have been bewitched by older woman...caused a witch hunt (witches were burned or pressed to death) already common in Europe. Soon people were accused because of predjudice/superstitions/unsettled social or religious conditions. Eventuallt ended in 1693 when the govenor (alarmed by the accusation of his own wife) prohibited them |
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| New England Economic Foundation |
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| Foundation built on production of cod and ship manufacturing. (stony soil and extreme climates disliked but eventually encouraged diversified agriculture and industry) |
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| In 1700 colonies had less than 300,000 pop (20,000 blacks) and in 1775, 2.5mill pop (.5 mill blacks). Colonists were doubling pop every 25 years. Most pop colonis in 1775: Virginia, Mass, Pensylvania, North Carolina |
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| The scots-irish settlers were lawless and individualistic. They had no love for british or any other government. they led protest against Quaker oligarchy and leniant Indian policies and against the eastern domination of NC |
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| Colonial America melting pot of ethnicities. Included german(7%) Scottish (7%) Scots Irish (5%) Dutch (3%) Irish (3%) other european (9%) African (19%) English (49%) |
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| Most honored of all position, christian ministry had little influence yet it occupied a position of high prestige |
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| When one would leave New England with rum, trade it in Africa for slaves, trade the slaves in the West Indies for Mollases and then bring that back to NE to make more rum and repeat |
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| Though only secondary importance, there were many enterprises including rum, bever hats, household (spin/weave) and most importantly lumboring for making ships |
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| Passed by english parliment to stop American trade with French West Indies hurting american national trade and lowering standard of living BUT merchants bribed and smuggled thier way around the law |
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| Ussually among main routes of travel and in cities. Included bowling alleys, pool tables, bars, gambling. social classes would mingle (another symbol of democracy) Also home to gossip and proved to be important for public opinion. Hot bed during revolutionaty movement |
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| Used theatrical methods to shake audiences with emotional appeal and heap abuse on sinners. Defended the Great Awakening for its role of revitalizing America |
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Exploded in 1730/1740's and swept through colonies. Started by pastor johnathan Edwards who said salvation through good works and hell for sinners. Later Whitfield used it for popular new preaching style.
Increased competitiveness in American churches, encouraged wave of missionaries through indians/blacks. First spontaneous mass movement in america |
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Broke chains of English Idea education only for aristocrats. Originally for religion/princaply for boys, education flourished in NE with many colledge graduates. Southerners were more spread out and used private tutorers
1750 modern subjects and live languages popular trend |
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| named "first civilized american" famous for writing and sayings that shaped american character. First rank scienctist also; invented bifocals franklin stove, lightnig rod (kite exper) |
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| Newspaper printer involved in 1734-1735 legal case charged with seditious libel (degrading royal govenor in newspaper) jurors eventually ruled him not guilty slowing achievment for freedom of press and democracy |
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| Self taxtation through representation (elected representatives) was a precious privaledge americans cherished above most others |
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| Religious or property qualifications to vote existed in all colonies. The upper class were unwilling to grant the ballot to everyone resulting in half the white males unqualified, yet because of the ease of accquiring land, voting was not out of reach |
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| (mid 18th cent) All had english language/protestant religion with some religious toleration, affording enterprising social mobility, possed some measure of self government and commun/transp improving |
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| (1688-1763) There were 4 world woars all involvign us and a death struggle for domination in europe and new world (King williams, Quenne annes, king georges, french-indian) |
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| "runners of the woods" French for trappers who ranged the woods and water ways of north america fro beavers to make pelts. They were drinkers, free spenders/liversm and recruited indians into the buisness. |
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| Durign KIng Williams was & Queen annes war, british colonists against french couerues de bois (both sides recruiting indains) neither county thought america worth detachment of troops so they used primative geurilla warfare |
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| (1756-1763) Fought in America, Europe, West Indies, Africa, seven seas, (known as french indian war) Started by george washington in the ohio river valley. In europe Britain , Prussia fought France, Spain, Austria, Russia who were beaten in germany. Colonies had hard time pulling together (eventually won) |
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| Revealed hoe badly France and Spain had been beaten by britain-rewarded britain with French populated Acadia (Novia Scotia), Newfoundland, and hudson bay |
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| Laws to regulate mercantilist system. First one (1650) Aimed at American trade only allowing them to trade with britatin which hurt colonies economically adn inflicted them with currency shortage. |
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| A theory that believed that wealth was power and that a contries economic wealth could be measured by its amount of gold. To get money a country needed to export more than it imported and therefor colonies gave advantages and justified british control. |
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| (1759) Significant engagement in British/American history; led by james wolfe who sent vanguard up cliff to poorly guarded quebec and fought frnech. Both commanders fatally wounded but the french were defeated |
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| Prohibited settlers to settle beyond the appalachians. Designed by english not to opress colonists but to fairly work out indian problem. Many colonists still defied prclamation and went west anyway. |
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| (1764) first law ever passed by parliment for raising tax reventues in the colonies for the crown. Increased duty on foriegn sugar imported from west indies. Later duties lowered after bitter protests from colonies. |
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| (1765) mandated use of stamped paper affixing of stamps on bills, commercial/legal documents, playign cards, newspap, etc..Aimed to raise revenues to support britishmilitary force (imposed by greenvile) Americans angry because in took wealther and striked local liberties. Eventually led to protests "no taxtation without representation" |
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| (1775) Adopted by continental congress professing American loyalty to the crown and begging king to prevent further hostilities (denied) |
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| (1754) Intercolonial congress that met in Albany New york (7/13 colonies showed)for purpose of: keeping Iroquois tribes on American sides by rewarding chiefs with presents/guns, long term goal to unify colonies and bolster defense against france. Ben Franklin proposed a colonial home rule voted by all delegates, but it was considered to much independence by britain and too little by america |
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| George Washington who was sent as a lietenant colonel to command 150 militia men to fort Duquense to defend ohio valley, but eventually surrenderd. Later an aid to Bradock during french indian war. |
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| Critical area for british colonists to penetrate moving west nd key to French retaining continent- much rivalry of the land eventually led to the war (7 years) |
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| (1767) Townshend persuaded acts to be passed that were light duty on glass, white led, paper, and tea. Unlike stamp act it was payable at american ports but colonists were in rebellious mood, epecially irked by tea tax. When didnt take tax seriously british officials sent over and clash led to boston massacre. |
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| A group of british pollitical commentators widely read by the colonists who feared the threat to libery posed by the arbitary power of a monarch. Warned citizens to be on guard against corruption and together with republican ideas caused americans to be alert against threats to their rights. |
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| (1774) A series of acts thought to be intolerable by Americans and branded as "massacre of american liberty" aimed at boston inparticular after tea party. Included Boston Port Act(closing harbor untill damages paid) took away chartered rights, restrictions on town meetings, gave local authorities to lodge british soldiers in private homes, officials charged with coloniests murder got trial in Britain. passed at the same time as the quebec act and caused response |
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| Committees of Correspondence |
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| (1772) First organized by sam adams in boston (eighty other towns followed) function was to spread spirtit of resistence by exchanging letters and keep alive opposition to British policies. The nexts step were intercolonial commitees of correspondence (like 1773 virginia standing house of burgeses) Soon every colony had one and could exchange ideas with other colonies- act of unification that evolved directly into congress |
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| First Continental congress |
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| (1774) Twelve of the thirteen colonies sent 55 well respected men (John adams, Washington, Pattick Henry) to philadelphia to consider ways of readressing colonial grievences. First one deliberated for 7 weeks and john adams swayed towards revolutionary course and eventually drew up declaration of rights, Appeals to british american colonies/king/people and the association: calling for complete boycott of british rights |
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| (1777) where Burgoyne was forced to surrender his entire command to American General Gates. Ranks high among the decisive battles of American/world history. The victory revived the faultering colonial cause and made french aid possible (ensuring independence) |
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| Colonel selected to be general of army besigning Boston with leadership talent. He was a smart selesction, thought he had more moral force than military mind. Not accused of being a fortune seeker because he was already wealthy. |
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| (1776) Washington captured 1000 Heissigns (germans with british) sleeping off christmas celebration in trenton then defeated smaller british attatchment in Princeton. |
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| (1776) Thomas Paine wrote one of the most influential pamphlets ever written becoming best seller. Explained that the island of england shouldnt rule the larger america for the king was the "Royal Brute of Great Britain" and it contradicted common sense. Just fight!! |
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| New kind of political society (In Paines protest) where power flowed from the people themselves not a corrupt monarch in which government officials should derive their authority from popular consent. |
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| (1776) Wife of Mass. Patriotist John Adams who spoke on behalf of women yet only in private letters to husband |
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| Colonists loyal to the king (fough patriots) made up about 16% of american people. Mostly older people, alot where the church was, and those who were satisfied with their lot and thought a change would be for the worse. Included kings officers |
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| (1778) France eager for British revenge and offered american treaty of alliance -not exactly conforming to treaty that Franklin brought- but it officially recognized american independence and lent powerful military aid so American republic concluded its first military alliance (would regret when betrayed by Gen. Arnold) |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
(1777) Written constitution adopted by congress, not ratified by the thirteen states until 1781. Provided for a loose confederation or "firm link of friendship" linking the colonies dealing with common problems.
However, it had a clumsy congress, no executitve branch and a state legislative brach so it couldnt control commerce/enforce tax collection. Still better gov and step towards constitution |
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(1783) British formally recognized independence of the US and granted generous boundaries (Displeased Canadians) and Americans yielded important concessions- loyalists could not further be prosecuted and congress recommended to state legislative that loyalist property restored. States vowed to put no lawful obstacles in way of British Creditors.
(Agreement made by Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay who met in Paris) |
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| An exclusive hereditary (birth rigth) order formed by the Continental Army officers and ridiculed by most americans. |
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| Mothers devoted to their families were developed as an idea of “republican motherhood” and elevated women to higher statuses as keepers of the nation’s conscience. Women raised the children and thereby held the future of the republic in their hands |
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(1774) Continental congress called for abolition of slave trade to which most states responded positively and some northe states completley abolished slavery. (1775) the Philadelphia Quakers founded the world’s first antislavery society.
However, no southern states abolished it and blacks were still disriminated against. Partly unadressed because a fight over slavery would have ruined unity at that time |
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| Wanted to unify nation and got identity from country/ in context the federalists;More interested in preserving and strengthening America republic that preserving popular democracy; advocate for indepedence of strong national government |
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| (1786) Alarming uprising in Mass. led by captain Daniel Shays where impoverished backcountry farmers were loosing farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies and violently demanded the state to issue paper money/lighten taxes/suspend property takeovers. Mass. Government responded with action and small army killing 3 rebels but eventually passed debtor-relief law. This worried upper class and others of democratic despositism (violent democracy) |
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| (1776) First called colonies to draft new constitutions (beggining formation of articles of confed) then a conference of the 13 states. Only could asser some control over military affairs and foriegn policy |
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| Constitutional Convention |
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(1787) When Virginia called for convention to fix control of commerce. in 86 only five states showed but Hamilton introduced idea of Philadelphia convention to deal with whole article of confederation.
This convention consisted of 55 participants led by Washington. Much debate over revising/re writing constitution and large state/small state plan. Eventually came up with th Constitution and the "Great Comprimise" agreeing on House of representatives |
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| Method of electing the president indirectly; Large states have advantage in the first round of popular voting (because states electors based on total of rep. congress and senators) and small states would gain larger voice if no candidate got majoraty and election thrown to house of rep. where each state gets one vote (only happened twice) |
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| Agreement that a slave counted as 3/5ths of a person when apportioning (giving tax money) taxes and in according representation in the House of representatives (South wanted full rep, and north wanted no rep) |
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| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
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(1787) Law which adressed how a nation should deal with its colonies; temporaty tutelage then permanent equality: first there would be two territorial stages when the area would be a subordinate of the federal government. Then, when it reached 60,000 inhabitants it would be admitted as a state with same rights as original thirteen.
Solved problem that plagued many nations |
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| The stability of society and authority of government depended on "the virtue of the citizens" their capacity to sleflessness, self sufficiency, courage, and especially appetite for civic involvemet. |
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| Ultimate Protector of Liberty |
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| the virtue of the people (not the authority of state) ;The power of the government was limited by a written document |
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| People who opposed the stronger federal government, mostly the poorest classes joined by debtors worried they would have to pay full debt(Led by Sam Adams, Rich Henry, Patrick Henry)Saw the constitution as a plot to steal power common folk |
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| (1789) when constititution was launched, the population was doubling every 25 years. 90% in rural, 5% west of appalachains |
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| Established a cabinet with three department heads: secretary of state (Jefferson) secretary of treasury (Hamilton) secretary of war (Knox) |
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| Many states (antifederalist ones) ratified constitution on understandment of a bill of rights (the first ten amendments) which were a safeguard of american princaples: freedom of speech, religion, press, bear arms, jury trial, no soldiers in homes, search warrants required, refuse to speak during civil trial, no excessinve bails/fines and Other rights not enumerated are also in effect-“People’s Rights” Amendment/ Unlisted powers belong to the state- “States’ Rights” Amendment(amendments proposed by 2/3 of states at constitutional convention or 2/3 vote of houses of congress) |
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| Rights retained by the people |
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Hamiltons idea to fix the econonmy by having the government assume the states debts from the war (about 21.5million) because they were a "national obligation" and because it would chain the states to the "federal chariot" so wealthy creditors would support the government.
Liked by states with large debts (Mass) and disliked by states with small debt (Virg) |
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| Hamilton decided to pay off national debt with tarrif revenues on foriegn trade (first law: 8% on value of dutiable imports) which also put up a protective wall around infant industries as he envisioned a industrial revolution. |
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| (elastic clause) Clause of the constitution (Congress may pass laws necessary and proper to carry out power vested in government agencies) used by hamilton to argue for a national bank. (followed a loose construction) |
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| The idea held by Jefferson (and his states rights deciples) that the constitution should be followed strictly; that what it did not permit, it forbade |
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| (1794) Rebellion in Pennsylvania against Hamiltons 1791 excise tax on Whisky. They argued alcohol was used as money in these parts and they were singled out- cried "tax without rep" because many from kentucky/tenessee without congressmen
Washington sent 30,000 troops to deal with rebellion, but they all fled (criticized for using sledgehammer agianst gnat, but proved government was strong) |
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| 1791, chartered for 20years; Hamilton convinced washington of Bank of US (with elastic clause) modeled after bank of england as a national treasury to make the federal government the major stockholder who could circulate cash (to stimulate buisnesses), store exess money and print money
Opposed by Jefferson as being unconstitutional |
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| To avert war Washington sent John Jay to Britain to work out agreement,but Hamilton (england-lover) told them of bargaining strategy causing ugly results: Brtitain would repay for recent merchant ship seizures (impressments) but said nothing of future ones/arming indians and America would pay off pre-revolutionary debts. This caused unhappy jeff.dem.rep in south who had to pay while northeners were paid but it prevented war. |
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| France was angry at America for jay's treaty "with the enemy" violating the 1778 Franco-american treaty and attacked. Avoiding war, Adams sent three envoys (includign Marshall) to Paris to talk to prime minister minister Talleyrand and met by three agents (XYZ) demanding 250,000$/32 mill florins to talk to talleyrand. Envoys left and undeclared war started. |
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| Federalist acts against aliens, raising residence requirements from 5 to 14 years (violating open door policy) and against jeff.dem.rep./ newspapers declaring fines/ imprisonment for defaming officials (unconstitutional but passed by federalist majority) |
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| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions |
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(1798-99) Jefferson wrote series of legislation approved by Kentucky while Madison wrote less extreme resolutions in Virginia both against alien/sedition acts concluding states could use "nullification" (AKA compact theory/states rights theory), refusal to accept acts b/c the government overstepped authority.
Other states didnt follow, and feds decided it was up to supreme court to "nullify" laws (adopted in 1803) |
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| Pro-British/foriegn trade, believed country should be run by "best people," advocated for strong centeral government (to crush democratic excess-shays rebell), mainly merchants/ manufacturers/ shippers by sea border |
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| Pro-french, wanted weak centeral regime retained by states, believed in farming, rule of people (except ignorant), thought slavery could prevent landless class, mainly middle-class/under privaleged |
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| The election of 1800 between Jefferson and Adams in which jefferson won by a close vote starting a republican government (opposed to federalists). However, it was very peacful turnover of powerful |
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| Chief justice appointed by Adams in last days of term (jeffersons cousin) with powerfull intellect who shapoed american legal tradition. The strong federalist dismissed fellow federalist Marburys suit against madison (1801) calling it unconstitutional and launching principle of "judicial review" |
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| The idea that the supreme court alone has the last word on the question of constitutionality (contrary to jeffersons try for the states) |
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| Jefferson of "standing armies" |
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| Jefferson wanted to reduce military establishment because of republican views, hoping america could avoid all wars and messy alliances. He also distrusted standing armies because they could cause dictatorship and march inland endangering liberties (unlike navies) |
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When Louisiana fell into french hands (from spain) under Napolean, jefferson sensed threat and sent negotiaters to Paris (1803) to buy louisiana-$10m max- or they would make british alliance. Livingston actually made the bargain for$15 m for new orleans and west.
Napolean agreed to abandon new world dream because 1) faliure to reconquer santa domingo 2) plan to end the lull of british conflict (worried he would have to give louisiana to britain) 3) pocketed money for future plans |
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| Leader of pirates of Tripoli (northern africa)who declared war on us by cutting down the flagstaff of american consulate because he was dissatisfied with his share of protection money (led to treaty of peace from Tripoli-1805- 60,000$) |
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| part of louisiana that was originally spains, then (1800) Napolean of france got and later bought by jefferson of america in louisiana purchase (priorly many americans talked of attacking city) |
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| Burr was first term vice president for jefferson (later dropped) who joined group of federalist extremists to plot seccession (speration of US) of New Engalnd and New York. Hamilton (though not jefferson ally) foiled plan, so burr challenged him to a duel and killed him. (hamilton refused to fire) He later joined General Wilkonsin to seperate West from East but Wilkenson betrayed him when he found out jefferson knew. Burr then tried for treason, fled to england, and attempted to make Napolean/British peace to launch attack on america. |
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| (1807) A US frigate (ship) ten miles off the coast of Virginia which was approached by "pirate man stealers" of Britain. The captain demanded the surrender of four men and when american commander refused, british killed 3, wounded 18, and kidnapped 4. Britain obviously in the wrong but jefferson didnt declare war. |
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| (1807) Forbade export of all goods from US (American and foriegn ships) in order to show power of america to fighting britain/france and employ "peacful coercion" however it hurt american economy rather than foriegn countries and turned many against jefferson. later repealed in 1809 by congress (instead replaced by non-intercourse act only forbidding france/britain) |
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| "Young hot heads" in the 12th congress of 1811 under Madison who wanted war with britain and wanted to wipe out the renewed indian threat to settlers |
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| British arming of hostile indians, impressment, orders of council (navigation acts) , war hawks persuasion |
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| New England greatly opposed "Mr.Madisons war" because they sympathized with britain and disliked repub-dem sympathy with napolean (also opposed new accusition of Canada)-"to rule the nation if they could, but see it damned if other should"- New england gold holders lent money to british and sent supplies to canada enabling them to invade new york: America fought against both Old and New England |
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| (1814-sep11) Commander Thomas Macondonough, leading a weaker american fleet against the British attacking New York, made an unexpected ship turn around taking victory, saving upper new york from conquest, New england from further dissatisfaction, and union from disolution. |
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| (1814) Third blow to british (after Plattsburg/Bladensburg) aimed at New Orleans menacing entire Miss.Valley. Force led by Gaunt and Jackson with seven thousand sailers/pirates/french/militiamen from louisiana, kentucky, tenessess (incl. free blacks) who won major victory over confident brits (20,000 cas. to 70). Later found out war was already over (Ghent treaty) |
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| The war of 1812 in a diplomatic if not military sense could be called war of independence showing that america could resist "grieving wrongs" |
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| (1820's) he and James Cooper attained international recognition as nations first writers of importance to use american scenes and themes |
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| First tariff in American history instituted for protection (against British competition), not revenue. Its rates (20-25% on value of dutible imports) not high enough for completely adequate safeguards, but good start |
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| (1824) Henry Clay's plan for profitable home market. Included 3 parts: Strong banking system (easy/abundant credit) protective tariff (East manufacturing flourish), network of roads and canals (transporting material). These would cause stream of manufactured goods and bring country together economically/politically |
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| happy phrase (originally from boston newspaper) used to describe the administration of Monroe. however, though the early monroe years had prosperity/tranquility it was also troubled with tariff, bank, internal improvemen, public land sale issues and strengthening sectionalism and slavery conflict |
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| Economic panic bringing deflation, depression, bank faliures, bankruptcies, unemployment, over crowed pent houses (caused by many factors including overspeculation in frontier lands). Created backwashes in political/social world-poor classes severley hurt/imprisoned causing agitation against imprisonment for debt. |
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| (1820)-lasted 34 years- bundle of three compromises (led by Kentucky Henry clay): Congress agreed to admit Missouri as a slave state, admit Maine as a seperate state (from mass) and prohibit slavery in rest of the louisiana purchase. (kept balance of south slave and north non slave states- 12 each and gave each something) |
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| (1819) attempt by state of Maryland to destroy branch of Bank of US by imposing tax on its notes. Marshall (speaking for court) declared bank constitutional using hamilton doctrine while strengthening federal authority and slapping state rights explaining "power to tax involves power to destroy" and "power to create implies power to preserve" |
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| (included in New Orleans battle)idol of the west and scrouge of the indians who saw oppurtunity in Florida swamp lands and secured commision to punish indians and recpature runaways (while supposedly respecting spanish posts). In 1818 crossed border, hung Indian chiefs, executed british helpers and siezed important posts (St. marks & Pensacola). alarmed president monroe and cabinet (except quincy adams) |
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| (1819) Florida Purchase treaty, spain ceded florida and shadowy claims on oregon in exchange for americas abandonment of texas (to become mexico) |
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(1823) Adams won Monroe over to his way of thinking and President Monroe incorporated warning to European powers with 1)noncolonization: declared colonization was over and russians in the west were not accquirable 2)nonintervention: told europe to keep monarchial systems out of hemispere (concerned about spanish american republics)
Europe monarchs angered at doctrine,but busy. Didnt have significance but applauded at time. |
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Neg: Badly fought, un-unified, no national anger
Pos: proved americans could stand up for what they thought was right, many new war heroes emerged, strengthened nationalism
Wiped out federalist party wiped out |
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| Massachusets intellectual/experienced and supported by clay after private meeting before election and became president. Ranks as one of most succesful secrataries and least succesful presidents (didnt create vacancies for supporters, very nationalistic, land policy (fair to indians) antagonized west) |
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| Jacksonians claim that jq adam had bribed Clay and angry 4 year protest followed ending in a bloodless duel between clay and rudolph |
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| Andrew Jacksons Inaugauration |
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Definition
| symbolized assendency of the massess; Hichorytes came to washington from everywhere and viloently poured into the white house hoping to see their hero take office only leaving when spiked punch was placed outside (known as inaguaral brawl) Scared conservatives who were reminded of the french brawl |
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| Rewarding political supporters with, an old idea introduced into federal government on a large scale by democrats. Defended by Jackson that every man is as good as his neighbor. It was overused and abused, but important to the two party system, so many picked a party and stayed with it. |
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| Jacksonians (disliked tariffs) decided to make duties as 45% with heavy tariffs on raw materials so that even new england would vote down bill, but plan backfired and passed. Southermers called it "Tariff of Abominations" and complained (legitamately) that it targeted them. (they bought out of country and sold in country) |
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| when Nullies one a 2/3 majoraty and voided the tariff in SC and threatened to secession from the union---Jackson issued proclamation against the union SC and govenor Hayne who issued one back (civil war scare), clay helped situation with tariff of 1833-reduced tariff over years- and force bill of 1833 |
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| Authorized president to use amrmy/navy to collect tariffs. With 1833 tariff led to SC repealing nullification ordinance |
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| (1830) Jacksons proposal to transfer the Indians West of Missippi where they could preserve culture- however many moved to Oklahoma and died on the "Trail of tears" |
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| -tool for the rich to get richer -didnt print paper money (which would cause inflation so many could pay debts) -saw bank and eastern banks as a conspiracy to keep common man down economically with hard money and debt |
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Democrats: glorified liberty of individual/clung to states rights and federal restraint on economic affair/more humble poorer folk/south and west
Whigs: liked the natural harmony of society and value of community/ disliked leaders whose self interest fostered individual conflict/ favored renewal of national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvemnet, schools, moral reforms/more aristocratic wealthy/ east
Both: based on peopke with "catchall" popularuty phrases / commanded loyalties from all types of people |
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| United by the dislike of Jackson and supported Clays american system and internal improvements. (started permanent two parties) |
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| battle when the texas soldiers surprised santa anna (during siesta) and put down his troops causing him to sign treaty granting texas independence |
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| In 1790 there were only two cities (Phil and NY) with over 20,000 and by 1860 there were 43; NY-metropolis, NO-queen of south, Chicago-lord of midwest. Caused bad hygeine until sewage systems and piped water |
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Term
| Irish Immigration/general immigration |
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Definition
Many fleed to US because of 1840's potato famine (killing 2 million) These "black forties" mainly came to cities like boston/NY. They were illiterate, discriminated and recieved low paying jobs,hated blacks for competition. Eventually got property/educated and attracted to politics.
General immigration: Irish and german came because of surplus of European population, appealed by land, freedom of church, no aristocracy, 3 meat meals a day and use of transoceanic steamships for fast and safe travel. |
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| Over 1 million germans came to US between 1830-60 because of crop faliures and revolutionary war. Liberals (shurz) contributed to politucs and had more money than irish and bought west land, ureged public education (kindergarden, opposed slavery, contributed to american culture (christams tree). Resented by some old Americans because they grouped and clung to old ways, language, religion |
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| Practist by the "nativists" older americans who were predejuce against new comers (immigrants) in jobs, politics and religion. Feared that catholism (of irish/german) challenged protestanism and formed the "order of star spangled banner" (know nothings) and fought for immigration resistance/ wrote corrupt fiction books about immigrants adn caused vioplence in philadelphia |
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| "Father of the factory system" memorized plans of textile machinery when working in british factories and escaped to the us where he was aided by Moses Brown and built the first cotton spinner of america (RI 1791) |
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| While preparign for law as a private tutor in georgia, he learned of desperate need for device to sperate cotton seed and built the cotton gin (50X more effective than by hands) in ten days. Made cotton economics profitabl, saved south and cotton expanded west (1793) |
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| Introduced by Eli whitney (on muskets in 1850) this was the base of the assembly line which flourished in the North while cotton gin flourished in the south. |
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| (1842 Mass) Supreme court legalized unions of laboreers for peacful and honorable protest however the effectiveness of the unions was small (mostly because threat of strike was undermined bu manaagements abilit to call in new plentiful immigrants-scabs) |
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| A widespread cultural creed that glorified the customary functions of the homemwaker. Married woman commanded alot of moral power and made family character altering decisions |
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| Arranged marriages died doen and love marriages made closer families while they also grew smaller (drop in fertility rate due to "domestic feminism"-deciding for lesser children_ and created small, affectionate, child centered families provideign special area for womens talents |
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| John deeres steel plow to cut through hard soil and Cyrus Mccormicjs mechanical mower-reaper to harvest grain led to large scale production and growth of cash crops. (Notrth produced more food than cotton growing south ) |
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Definition
| (Gov Clintons big ditch) canal between lake eeroe and the hudson river; shortend expense adn time of transportation (20x faster) cities gre along canal, food price reduced. Farmers were unabke to compete in rock soil of east, so went west on canal . |
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| transportation revolution |
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Definition
Steamboat allowed revers transport from south to west and bound them together.
Canals led to more trade between east and west- New york became queen port (replacing new orleans) after eerie canal .
South raised cotton to export to ne/britain/ west grew grain and livestock to feed factory workers in east and britain/ east made machines and textiles for south and west |
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| Spawned by liberalism in religion, a spirital fervor that resulted in prison reform, church reform, against alcohal and slavery, womens rights movement. (spread to the masses through huge "c camp meetings") |
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| Greatest of the revival preachers (originally trained as a lawyer) who led massive revivals in Rochester NY |
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| (1830) after claiming to have found golden tablets in NY with the book of mormion inscribed on them, he came up with the mormonn faith (the church of jesus christ of the latter day saints) he was later killed by anto-mormonists, but followes by brigham young who led the mormons to utah where they grew quickly (due to fast birth rates) |
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| Many opposition to mormonsim emerged due to their polygamy (many wives), drilling militia, and voting as a unit. |
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| Yale educated Coneticut yankee who was known as "Schoolmaster of the republic" for his reading lessons used by millions (Blueback spoeller) and 1828 famous dictionary which helped standardize the english language |
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| Women thought to be corrupted if too educated and percieved as weak physically and emotionally though artistic/refined adn societies conscience while maen were percievced as strong but crude and barbaric if not guided by the purity of women |
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| Women were very important in motivating reform movemnets, especially the womens rights which was led by many important advocates; Anthony, Stanton, Blackwell (1st med grad), fuller, grimike sisters (anti-slavery), bloomer (semi short skirt). Serena falls womens rights convention (1848 NY) important landmark as well as Declaration of sentiments (all men and women are created equal) |
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| During the decade before the civil war, the campaign against slavery in the states |
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practicved free love, birth control, eugenic selection of parents to produce superior offspring, and survived ironically as a capitalistic venture selling baskets and cutlery (1848)
Prior there was also New Harmony founded by Robert owen but failed in confusion (1825) and Brooked farm of transcendentalism (1841) |
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| Early Americans intersted in practical science (rather than pure science) and writers were concerned with basic science. Influencial scientists include sillman, agassiz, gray, audobon, bowdwitch, maury. However, medicine was primitive and life expectancy low (harmful medicine and unqualified surgeons) |
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| Believed that truth came form not observation alone, but instead from with inner light (clashing with locke arguing knowledge from reason) and stressed individualism, self reliance, and non conformity |
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| Emersons associate, he was a poet/mystic/trascendalist/nonconformist who condemned slavery and wrote "walden Or life in the woods" and "On duty of civil disobedience" which influenced ghandi and martin luther king |
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| Wrote "Leaves of Grass" (1855); highly romantic, emotional, unconventional, and at first financial faliure though eventually whitman gained title of "Poet Laurete of Democracy" |
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| Very much wastelful because king cotton and money hungry subjects depoiled the good earth (quick profitis led to excessive sultivation and "land butchery") Causing population to go to W and NW |
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| Lived in the valleys of the Appalachian rannge (stretching from Virginina to N Georgia/alambama) and passed by civilization, living with old speech and habits as independent farmerss distant from the Cotton Kinggdom. Disliked white planters and black gang, during they were attached to union/Lincoln and helped cripple confederacy |
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| By Harriet Beecher Stowe, a novel which focuses on the horror of the division of black families during slave auctions. Influenced by "American Slaves as it is"(1839), Welds pamphlet |
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| Reformer and publisher of military antislavbery newspaper "The Liberator" and triggered thirty year war of words opening the civil war. He was a nonresistant pacifist and poor organizor, favored North secession from south. |
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| Self educated abolitionist who appealed with directness and power to rural audiances about the sin of slavery. (evangelized by Finney) Aided by two wealthy NY merchant brothers he went to Lane Theological Seminary but expelled after organizing slavery debate and went with other rebels to preach antislavery gospel. Wrote "American Slavery as it is" (1839) pamphlet which influenced UTC |
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| Greatest of black abolitionists- after escaping in 1838 at age 21 he was "discovered" as a speaker in 1841 at a antislavery meeting wiht impromptu speech. Published autobiography in 1845 "Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglas" describing life. (Unlike Garrison who more interested in self rightousness than cause, Douglas looked to politics to end slavery and backed 1840 liberty party, 1848 free soil party and 1880 republican party) |
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| Black abolitionist who with "Appeal to Colored citizens of the world" (1829) advocated a bloody end to white supremacy |
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| Arose over dispute of no mans land between Maine and Canafa when Canada decide to build a road route through Arastook R Valles which maine had claimed under misleading peace treaty of 1783. Threatened to widen into full shooting war, eventually london office sent Ashburton to webster and they compromised on the boundry (America 7,000, brits 5000 with route) |
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| Grassy Valley South of the Columbia where many missionaries and settlers form areica came in the 1830s whi were imporant in saving oregon for the us |
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| During the treat of 1818, the US tried to divide the domain of Oregon at the 49th parallel between English but they were unwilling. Instead, they adopted joint occupation though later Amercan population grew out the brits and they agreed |
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| A concept that the US was destined to expand across the continent and got as much land as possible (Texas and Oregon; advocated by democrats and Polk |
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| Polk wanted CA but it was difficult to get due to strained Mexican relations (3 mill payment and Texas boundry) so he sent John Slidell to Mexico city to buy CA for 25 mill, but refused. In 1846 he then ordered troops under Taylor to march form Nueces R to rio grande to provoke mexicans, and when they fired Polk pushed for war- (mexican-american war) Polk wanted to end the war after beating mexico enough aand agreed to santa annas fake promise to return and end war. Eventuall Kearney, Fremont and Taylor succesful (treaty of guadalupe hidalgo) |
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| The new claimed border by the Texans (originallu under texas border was the Nueses river bu the expansive texans and new supporting americans moved it to rio grande- though polk stayed out of land in hope of peace) |
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Definition
| Pushed by abraham lincolm and group of politicians who wanted to know exactly where the spot of blood shed and fighting had started before commiting to war with mexico |
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Term
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo |
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Definition
| Polk sent Trist to negotiate wiht mexico with 10,000 bribe (Santa Anna took it and used it for defenses) and then recalled him, but he refused and negotiated the treaty (1848) which: -gave america all territopry from texas to CA North of rio grande r. - us payed 15mill -mexico payed off 3.5 mill debts (US forced mexico to "sell" Mexican cessesion lands) |
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Definition
| An amendment introduced by David Wilmot of Pennsylvania whcih stated that slavery should never exist in any mexican cessesion territories. It was passed twice by house but nerer the senate (where south = north) Although, it failed, it opened wound of slavery which started the civil war in 1861 (13 years later) |
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| Consequences of the Mexican War |
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Definition
| Though the treaty of guad.hidal. ended war with Mexico andgave the US enourmous land of Texas and CA, the debate of slavery vs. no slavery in this territory caused disruption and eventually led to civil war |
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Definition
| Organized by anti-slavery Northeners as a party commited against the extension of slavery in the territories, and advocated fdereral aid for internal improvements/ urged free gov homestead for settlers/ appealed to people angry over 1/2 oregon accquisition, didnt like blacks in new territories, people who condemned slavery on moral ground |
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Definition
| Originated by Gen. Cass, the idea that issues should be decided upon by the people (specifically the slavery issue, stating people in the territories should deciude to legalize it or not) Good becuase it was a compromise between North/South exptremes, stuck with the idea of self determination, liked by polititiancs, but could spread slavery |
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Definition
| (1848) gold discovered in CA and thousands went to state to strike it rich, though most were lawless men/women and didnt (also blew lied off slavery issue) caused CA (encouraged by Pres. Talylor) to draft constitution and apply for free sate hood bypassing usual territorial state and avoiding becoming slave state |
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| Illiterate run away slave from maryland who freed more than 300 slaves during 19 trips to the sounth on the underground railroad, a sevret organization that took took runa away slaves North to Canada |
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Definition
| (1850) Websters speech during the meeting and debate between him, Clay, and Calhoun in which he helpedmove the North into compromise and proclaimed that New land couldnt hold slaves anyway (no cotton) Also led hime ot be called traitor of North because he ignored slavery subject (he thought slavery bad but disunion worse) |
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| Young NY senator against secession and hated slavery and didnt realize Union built on compromise. He said that Christian legislators must adhere to "Higher Law" and not allow slavery exist...might have cost him the election (Part of the young guard polititians who were more interested in puryfying than patching) |
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| Signed by Fillmore who took over after Taylors sudden death, and after orated and backed Caly, Webster, Douglas accepted though north got better deal: -califoria as free sate -texas lost disputed territory to NM -DoC could not have slave trade. While south got:- popular soverignty in Mexican seccesion lands -10mill for texas -fugitive slave law |
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| (1850) In compromise of 1859, stated that 1) fleeing slaves couldnt testify 2) fed. commisioner who handled case 5$ if free slave and 10$ if not 3) people could be ordered to help catch slaves (angry north pledged not to follow it and inflamed both sides) |
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| America wanted cuba, but spain souldnt sell. After two attempts and spain captured American ship, 3 US foreign misisters met in Ostend and drew up Ostend Manifesto |
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Definition
| Stated the US was to offer 120 mill for cuba and if refused and spains ownership continued endangering US, America will take it by force. When document relaesed Northeners outraged and South could not get Cuba, Pierce embarrased (slaveocracy throry heated) |
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Definition
| Let slavery in Knasas/Nevraska be decided on by popular soverignty (concession to South in return for giving up railroad) though it broke the missouri comporomise- South backe dbill and north against it, but passed |
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Term
| Impending Crisis of South |
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Definition
| Written by Hinton R Helper, a non-aristoractic white north Carolinian who tried to prove with an array of statistics that the non-slave holding whites were most hurt by slavery. Eventually it was published and widely read in the North though burned in south. |
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Definition
| (1857) Kansas had large enough population to apply for statehood , pro-slave devised Lecompton Constiturion provideding people could vote for constitution w/ or w/o slavery still, either way slaveholders already insate would be protected. Free soilers bpycotted the election adn slavery won (supported by Bunchnan at the time thouh douglas called it unfair and revote)---divided democratic party |
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| Antislavery organization whcih sent twon thousand people to troubled area to forsetall the South (and make a profit) carrying deadly rifels nicknamed "Beechers bibles" |
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| Sumner was a vocal anti-slave and his speeches insulted all slave supporters. Brooks congressman of SC decided that Sumner was not gentelman enough to duel so he beat him wiht cane (uniterfered by spectator senators) almost killing him. This then put brooks and south in wrong and sumners "crime against kansas" speech published |
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| Democrats chose Bunchman (untaited by kans-neb act, lots of experience) Republicans chose John Fremont (fighter in mexican war, but not capable/honest/hurt because he was roman catholic_)Know nothings organized by nativists nominated Fillmore. Election filled with scandals but Bunchman won |
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| (1857) Case of Scott,slave whose master took him to free sate where he lived for years and sued new master for freedom claiming he was in free territory. Handed to supreme court in Missouri which ruled in favor but master appealed to US supreme court who under Jestice taney said no slave is citizen, property cannot be taken and compromise unconstitutional. Angered many abolitionists and gave south advantage now with presidemt, constitution, supreme court |
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| Lincoln chanllenged Douglas (most devastating debator at the time) to seven debates. Lincoln expected to fail, but he held well. Most famous debate took place in freeport illinois when lincoln asked if douglas supported people or supreme court (in dread-scott) and douglas answered with the freeport doctine that no matter how court rule, slavery down if people wanted it down. Caused South to dislike him and cost him presidency (though he won election against lincoln at time) |
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| The location of John Browns new idea to invade the south, sieze its arms and call upon the slaves to rise up and revolt and take over to free slaves.But instead the slaves didnt revolt and he was cptured, convicted and hung. Though he was insane, he bacame abolitionists matyr and North was furied. |
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| Seven secession states (SC,AL,MO,FL,GA,TX,LO) met in montgomery Feb. of 1861 and created confedcerate states of America choosing Davis as president (Bunchaman did nothing to stop secession party becaue troopes needed, left it to lincoln) |
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| -feared for their rights as slaveholding minority -alarmed bu growing power of republicans -believed theu would be unopposed despite north claims -hoped to develop own banking/shipping and to prosper -in 1776 13 colonies seceeded form britatin, why cant 11 south colonies do it again? |
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| Most forts in South had relinquied power to the confederacy, but fort sumter among two that didnt. Because its supplies were running out, Lincoln sent provisions and alerted south, but they saw them as reinforcements and fired on fort untill surrened. (Angered north and lincoln called on volunteers for volunteers and naval blockade. South saw war and 4 more sates joined, moving capital form AL to VA) |
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| Advatages N and S (civil war) |
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Definition
South: -only had to fight to a draw to win -had most talented officers (includign lee and jackson) and most had militarty education BUT had shortage of of factories/manufacturing and bad traspprtation causing food shortage
North: -had factories/manufacturing plants -huge economy -more men -controlled sea BUT less trained officers
South started out with more advantages but North gained them |
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| South hoped for foriegn intervention to win but didnt get it (UTC and antislave kept people away).However, In 1861 when union warship stopped british steamer TRENT and forcibly removed two confederacy diplomats going to europe britain angry and almost war but lincoln released them. Union also had a problem with British sea vessels (like CSS Alabama) |
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| British built vessel of confederacy whcih escaped to Portugese Azores taking on weapons and british crew but never sailed to confederate base (loophole to help south)capturign union ship. Eventaually destroyed in challedge. Later adams persuaded britatin to not build more ships for confederacy because they might be used against them) Later union paid for damages |
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| The problem with South was it gave states ability to secede in future and gettign south states to send troops to help other states was hard (weak national power) The souths refusal to sacrafice states eventually led to handicap and downfull (as opposed to North where Lincoln had benefir of leading established government) |
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| Including Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland. They were crucial to both sides to win. To retain them, Lincoln used moral persuasion and dubious legality declaring martial law in order to retain MY to isolate DC and sent troops to VA and MO.(Also declared war to save union not anit slavery) |
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| Many ill trained recruits went to Bull Run (mass) expecting quick battle (more of a sporting event with spectators) but confederate reinforcements arrived with jackson and the union was overrun. The battle showed the north the war wouldnt be easy and boosted souths already to big ego |
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| At antiem creek (1862) one of bloodiest days, McCelans men found copy of Lees battle plans and were able to stop south (and prevented south form recieveing foreign intervention showing norths power) Also victory lincoln used to announce Emancipation Proclamation |
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| Lee invaded North at Gettysburg and met by new general Meade of union who "won" after bloody field slaghter. lincoln later delivered Gettysburg adress adding moral purpose to war, making sure soldiers didnt die in vain |
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| Grant and his men finally captured Richmond, burnt it, and cornered Lee at Appomattox courthouse at VA in 1865 where Lee formerly surrendered/ war over |
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| A good organizor but a perfectionist who didnt like risks. He was made general and given army of Potomac but took long time to attack and then lost the seven days battle (lincoln removed him and then renamed him for battle for Antiem) where he led victory but not big enough so lincoln removed him again. Later, he ran for 1864 election for peace democrats/copperheads |
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| The union plan to: -suffocate south with blockade -free slaves, undermining southern economy -sieze Miss. River -divide south by marching through GA/SC/NC -capture capital of Richmond VA -engage enemy's strenght and grind to submission |
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Term
| Emancipation Proclamation |
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Definition
| Lincoln's proclamation which (hypothetically) freed the slaves in the seceeded states -but not the border states to avoid more disunion- and gave the war a moral purpose of no slavery along with keeping union. Though it was very contreversial and involved desertion, leaving slaves undermined the south and it made clear the war was to the end |
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| General Sherman who declared "war is...hell" carried out the command to march throyugh georgia and capture and burn down Atlanta before completing hsi infamous "March to the Sea" cutting a mile wide trail of destruction waging "total war" |
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| After Douglas's death North Democrats spilt as "War democrats" (supported lincoln)/ "Peace Democrats" (anti lincoln) and "Copperheads" who were completely against war/Lincoln. The most popular of these was Vallandigham who denounced the war and was imprisoned, banished ot South, but came back to Ohio illegally (not further prosecuted and inspired "A Man Without A Country" |
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| "When in doubt, fight" Though he was a drinker, he was one of Lincolns favorties. He won Fort Henry, Fort Donelsonm, though lost Shiloh he redeemed himself capturing Vicksburg and securing Miss R. |
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| Lincoln made some tyranical acts during his term such as -illigally proclaiming blockade -proclainming acts without congress consent -sending troop to border states -suspension of hbeaus corpus so anti unionists could be arrested -intimidatin of voters -advancement of 2mill to 3 individuals for war perposes |
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| Though Davis and other "conspirators" were at first imprisoned, they were eventually released by President Johno though not all of the civil diabilies were removed untill 0 years later |
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| In the South, economic life hd sropped. Banks and buisnesses closed by inflation. Factories dead. ransporation system broken. Agriculture crippled (crops and farms destroyed and slaves freed) |
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| Freed blacks wre many times enslaved again after the union troops left, though some loyally stuck with owners and others rebelled. Eventually thousands of blacks took to the roads to find new work or lok for lost loved ones |
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| Whole black communities who moved together in search for oppurtunity (many went from lousiana, texas, miss, to kansas in a mass exous though stopped when steamboat captais refuse to trasport) |
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| In order to train unskilled blaks, the bearau was set up 1865 headed by Oliver Howard. Its greatest success was teaching many blacks how to read (since former slaves wantd to narrow gap and read words of god) thouh it was nt as effective as it could as possibl and expired after racist critism) |
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Definition
| Johnson came from taught and trained as as tailor. He then served in congress (only confed congressmen to not secceed) He was known for short temper and being a good fighter, championed states rights and the constitutuion. Tennesean who never earned North trust of regained South confidence |
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Definition
| In 1867 Seward, secreatry of state bought alaska from russia but most of public jeered at his act as "Seward Follyu" only later when oil adn gold discovered did it prove to be a bargain (bought it as helpful to Russia/hop of recources) |
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Term
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| The radical repunblicans felt punishment for south approproat and feeared lincolns 10 percent plan to l;eniant, allowing southerners to reinstate blacks, So, they rammed the bill requiring 50 % of voters to take allegiance oath (though lincoln vetoed bill letting it expire) |
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Definition
| Lincoln beleived that South had never legally withdrawn from the Union and that restoration would be simple. His plan stated that soouth states could be reintergrated into union when 10% of voters took oath to the union acknowledging emabcipation (quite forgiving to South) |
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| The radical republican belief thta the south seceeded states had left the union and commited suicide as republican states, therefor e only should be admitted as "conquered provinces" on congresses conditions |
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| After Lincolns assasignation the 10 % plan was left to Johnson who unexpectadly and unfavorably to radicals took lincolns plan and iissued his own reconstruction proclaation making certain confederate states disenfranchised, dept rupdiated, and they had to ratify 13th amendment |
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| In order to control freed blacks, many south states passed black codes ained at keeping black population in submission and int fields (varied in harshness) the codes meant that blacks who "jumped" labor contracts, waklked off jobs, were subject to penalties/fines from alreadt too low wages. Also fobade blacks from serving on jury, renting/leasing land and could be punished for idleness. They made a mockery out of freed blacks and North victory. (better than before?) |
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Definition
| Though blacks free, they could not vote especially under black codes. Even 14th amendment did not give suffreage. Eventually 15th amendment in 1869 gave vote (though women suffreage advocateors dissapointed, causing them to campaign againt amendment against Douglas) |
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| After war republicans disgusted to see many southerners in congress and to relaize 3/5ths law void meant they were stronger. After Johnsons many vetoes they eventually passed 14th amendment saying 1)blacks citizens 2) states electoral representation lowered if denying balsks citizenship 3confederates couldnt hold ofic 4) Federal debt guaranteed, confederate repudiated...(Joohnsons rounf the circle speeches backfired giving republicans more seats) Though when republicans had unlimited control, they still disagred (moderates:stevens with quick reconstruction, radical: sumner anti south) compromised with reconstruction act diciding south, approving 14th amendment/15th amendment) |
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Definition
| When blacks began to organize politically their main vehicle was Union League with network of political clebs education members in civic duties and campaigning for republican candidates. Also built balck churches, schools, represented black grivances recruited militua |
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Definition
| Extremly racist white folks founded "Invisible Empire of the South" in tenessee 1866. An organization thtat scared blacks into not voting/job seeking with lots of terror and violence (undermined abolitionit cause) ---led to congress force acts |
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| Radical republinacs were angry with johnson and tried to get rid of him passing tenure office act (providing president had to secure senate consent before removing appointees- to keep stanton republican spy) When johnson dismissed him, republican impeached. |
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Definition
| Jouhnson not allowed to testify by his lawyers arguing Tenure Office act unconstitutional. He was accquitted of charges by one cote not guilty. Republican infuriated by politians feared impeachment |
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| A critic of Johnsons reconstruction policy and leader in imopeachment effort. |
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During president Grant's term , politics were very corrupt: RR promoters cheated customers, stock market investors, jedges/legislatures bribed/ (Fisk and Gould tried to corner gold market but failed) Tweed corrupt but caught, giving Tilden fame
Grant failed to see alot of corruption though almost whole cabinet was |
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| After dispute over president, compromise of concocted and decided Hayes (repb) president if he agreed tp remoce south troop and subsidize Texas and Pacific RR (as a result construction ended and blacks in south abandoned, civil rights act declared unconstitutional) |
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| Systematic state level laws,legla codes of segragation which followed informal black-white seperation. (seperate but equal, thoguh untrue) |
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| When the republicasns nominated Grant (soldier, no political experince) they used this slogan to secure presidency by relieving his war victories . Helped them beat Seymour , democratic nominee whoes party coulndt agree |
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| The supreme court ruled that "Sepreate but equal" facilities were constitutional, legalizing segreation. (centered around Plessy, with only a drop of black) |
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| A political cartoonist who constantly drew against Tammanys corruption even after a bribe not too |
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| After reconstruction, literacy requirement for voting began, voter registration laws emerged and poll taxes began all aimed at disenfranchising blacks |
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| Grant and waving the bloody shirt (civil war remembrance) |
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Definition
| after credit mobiler bust (RR company) two congressmen and VP guilty of stock. |
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| From over speculation/easy credit. Dispute between cheap money (wanted greenbacks for inflation) supporter and hard money (deflation, persuaded grant f resumption act) though debtors argued silver undervalued. Grant supported sound money annd led to dem house in 1874 and greenback labor party 1878 |
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Definition
| Presidents cut wages and workers struck back and hayes esnt troops with violence. Showed weekness of the labor movemnet (caused by race friction- Irish/Chinease |
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Definition
| Irish terroried chinease and act passed after Hayes left barring them from entering the US (forst immigration limit) |
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| Republican ran wiht arthur against Hancock (dem) and won but shot by Giteua and artur president, surprising many witht heh pendleton act (awarding gov jobs on ability) |
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| Played by militrayr pensions but vetoed corrupt pensions and oppenly appealed for lower tarriffs (reckless) |
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| Emerged in 1892 from unhappy farmers (wanted inflation via free silver coinage, gov regulations, direct elctions, one term limit, short work day) |
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| caused stress; many buisness collapsed, deficit |
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| advocated for "free silver" but stopped by cleveland |
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| After civil war, RR production grew enourmously and congress gave lots of land to RR companies. These RR land their value and towns with them became cities. (union pacific RR commicioned after south seceed. Began west from nebraska to CA and recieve lots of money though corrupt; irish workers) (Central pacific: extended from CA eastwaerd and backed by bif four- used chinease workers) |
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| RR giants entered deffensive alliances for profit and begain what would be called trusts (pools) a group of supposed sompetitors who agree to work together, ussually by settign proces |
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| Though public was aware of injustice they were slow to answer and when "The grange" was formed by farmers to combat such corruption and state made anti monopoly efforts they were stopped by supreme court in the Wabash case (ruling staes cant regulate INTERstate commerce) Eventually congress started regulation withh ICC/Act |
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| Interstate Commerce Comiison/Act |
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Definition
| Passed in 1887, the IC act banned rebates and pools and required the RR's to publish prices openly (to not cheat customers) Forbade unfair discrimination against shippers/banned charging mroe for short haul than long one and set up ICC to enforce (though not victory, it represent ed first congress attemot ot regulate buisness for societies interest) |
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| Industry giant (who started off poor but worked hard assuming resposibility and with charm became wealthy) Starting out in Pittsbug he siliked trusts byt bu 1900 produced 1/4 of nations steel. He used method called "vertical intergration" buying out and controlling all aspects of industry- mining, transporting refinig steel) Later a philanthropoist |
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Definition
| An industry giant (who was ruhtless and merciless) and used horizantal integration method: allied with or bought out other competitors to monopolize market (though he did produce superior oil) and formed Standard oil company and control iol indusrty crushing opponesnt |
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Definition
| An indusry giant (who made a fortune in Wall Street banking industry using "interlockign derectorates" method placing his own men on the board sof directors of other rival competitors to gain influence/reuce competitors. Later, he bought carnegies entire buisness and launched US steel corporation |
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| Developed a huge cigartte industry in the form of the American Tobacco Company and made donations to what is now Duke University |
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| A type of oil used to lighth lamps all over the nation by 1870 first used by Drake (though by 1885 became obselte due to edison light bulb until gas cars) |
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| A signed law forbidding combinations (trusts, pools, interlocking directorates, holding companies) in restrain to trade without any distinction between good and bad trusts (though proved inefficiatn because coulndt be enforced untol 1914) |
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| Cheap labor in South mills lead to many jobs despite poor wages (especially compared to North) and many poor whites saw it as blessing (hillbillies) while investors paid workers little |
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| When woman swarmed to factories, encouraged by recent investors, they found new oppurtunities and the Gibson girl became romanic ideal fo the age (young athletic attractive outdoory) |
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| Corporations had many weapoons against strikers: hiring strike breaking, asking courts to order stike end, or bring troops, hirign scabs,signing contracts banning unions |
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(After the Ntional Labor Union) :asting six years because of exclusion of chinease, blacks, wonan and knocked out by 1873 depression)Begun in 1869 and similar to NLU except it only bared liquor dealer, gamblers, doctors and campaiged for economic and social reforem. Led by Powderly they won many strikes for 8 hr day and rose to 3/4 mill workers...
However they became in unsuccefull may day strikes and falsely associated woth anarchosts bombing lowering pop |
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| American federation of labor founded by gompers consisting of self-gov national unions demandingbetter wages, hours, conditions. Fell short of speakign for all workers, only embraced 3% |
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| Before 1880s, most immigrants form British isles and western europs and were illiterate, accustomed to rep governemnet. In the 1880/90 most immigrants camed from south/east europs and were illiterate, not used to democracy |
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| Dedicated to uplifting the Urban masses, adamms founded the Hull House in 1889 to teach children and adulkts the skills and knowledge to surviv / succeded in America. later she won the noble peace prize (though pacifism looked down onby some groups) |
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| New cities gave woman oppurtunities to earn money and support htemselves better (mostly single women since being working mother wife was frowned upon)_ Settlement houses became centers for woments activism and reform. though jobs depended on race, ethnicity, class |
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| Tradea unionists disliked the new immigrants for thier willingness to work for super low wages and bringing in dangerous doctrines (communism, socialism) |
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| Published "on the origin of species" which set forth the doectrine of evolution and attracted fury form fundementalists whole modernists refused to believe bible was completely factual and jsut moral guidelines |
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| New trend began creation of more public schools and provision of free textbooks. Catholic schools also grew in popularity and the Chautaqua movement included publiuc lectures to adults who couldnt fo r ot school with famous writers/home studies. Americans began to believe formal educan answere to poveryt |
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Definition
Aouthern ex-slave who headed a black teacher and indusrtial school of Tuskegee, Alabama teaching students usefull skills and trades. Avoiding the issue of social equality, he believed in balcks helping themslves first before gainign more rights
(WEB Bois frist balck to get PhD and demanded complete equality/founded NAACP contrasting with BT policY) |
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| WEB Bois, rejscting washingtons gradualism and seperatism demanded that the "tlented tenth" of the black communitt be allowed immedaite access to mainstream of American life |
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Definition
| Provided a generous grant of the public lands to the stats support of education (causing growth of higher eduation , much women and co universitues) and extened by Hatch Act of 1887 providng federal funds for the setablishemnt of agricultural experimetn stations in connection with lanf dgrant colleges |
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| A a result of prospering medical schools/science improved public health emerged and combined with revolutionary medical discoverues abroad life expectancy at birty was increased |
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| Enduring jounalist who wrote "progress an poverty which undertokk to solve assocsiation of poverty with progress. He also came uo with idea of graduated income tax (more you maje greater you oay) |
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| A novel writing (emerged from the romantic sentinetallity of youthful era) that reflected the materialsim of an industrial society. (American authors now turned to human comedy /drama of current world for subjects) |
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| Opposign woodhulls proclamation of free love, comstock waged a life long war on the immoral ny defending sexual purityl and confiscating onsene items. |
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| (gillman published women and economics, calling for women to abandion theur dependent staus and become invovled) Feminists rallied toward suffrage foprming National American Woman Suffrage Association led by Stanton and Anthony. By 1900, new generation of activists led by Catt stressed desirabilty of woned vote if more involved in world. (WYomong first to give suffrage) |
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| When white men pushed Indeias into smaller and smaller reservation, many Native Americans tribes fought back and so ensued the so called indian war s. Though may timesIndians more equpped than troops wiht arrows, the colt revolver changed that |
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| In the early days millions of buffalo on American prarie but after RR eruption, the buffalo massacre took place. POeople killedc for meat, skins, tongues for sport and fun and left them to die. By 1885 les tham 1000 (shows greed of whites, led to indeian decline) |
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Definition
| Helen Hunt Jacksons book which evoked sympathy for the Indeains describign the sorry record of the government ruthless with the Indians |
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Definition
| Dissloved the legal entities of all tribes, but if the Indians behaved the way whites wanted them too (bacame farmers on reservations) they could recieve full US citizenship in 25 years (more time than immigrant) |
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Definition
| Zealous white missionarie would force the Indians to convert and helped stamp out the sacred sun dance called ghost dance by the whites, festval they thought was war drum beating. These humanitarians who wanted to help tge Indians didnt care about thur randition/heritage/ cultures |
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Definition
| Gold discoveres 18402 CA and 1858 Colorodo , 1859 comstock lode in Nevada. Smaller lucjy strikes also in ther western states (After the surface gold foun, ore breaking machines use) Mining led to women oppurtunityes and earlier rights and added to folklore of American literature |
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Definition
| Durin the drought, the technique of "ry farming" (usign halow cultivation adn russian whet) was poular and labor huge federally financed irrigation projects from hydraulic engineers caused the "Great American Deser" to bloom using claims that tamed the Missouri and Comlubia R to help water the land |
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Definition
| (1890) The US census announced that a frontier was no loner discernable. The closing frontier (le the "tuner thesis") at first didnt concern the public but later they realized that land not infinite and first National Park (yellowston founded) I also ended a romanic praise of nations internal development and created new economical/psychologial probems |
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Definition
| Theory stating that the frontier was like a safety valce or those folks who would move west and leave whenit became to crowded in their area (though few city dwellers cactually left becase they couldnt farm, it still led to mmigration and higher cities wages-so people woulndt leave) |
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| Originally the farmers alliance (1870) a coaltion of farmers though only aimed at land owners (no blacks/tenats) and agree on 1) nationalization of RR @) No national banks #) graduated income tax $0 New fed sub treasuresy for farmes led by Lease combined into peoples pary (populists) |
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Definition
| The populists on several congressional seats and polled more thatn 1 mill cotes for their candidate, James B Weaver |
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| Chicago strike led by Eugene Debs which heloed organize workers of the Pullman Palac car company hit har by the depression cut wages 1/3 workers struck, some violent, and US attorney Olney called r federal troops to break strike ecaus it interered with transit of US mail and Debs ent ot 6 month prison (leading socialist) |
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| Made McKinley republican candidate of 1896) financially and politically supporting him through the years iht his iron buisness monwy. Accused of buying McKinley into the white house- payed off |
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Definition
| Between McKinley (supported by Hanna) calling for gold silver bimetallism: republican and Bryan (called for unlimited silver coinage) a democrat wth pouist idas "dem pop Party" Mckinley won, important because it was privaledged versus underprivaledged and big buisness won (old-silver and gold won) |
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Term
| Our Country: Its possible Future and Its present crisis |
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Definition
| Reveradnd Josiah Strongs novel which rumpeted the superiory f Angl-Saon civilization an summoned Americans to spread theri rligion and their values to the backwar"peroples (pro imperialsim) |
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Definition
| Farmers and factory owners looked for markets beyond america as aricultural and Industrial production boomed. Many believed country was bursting with new power, population, wealth, overseas might produce safety valve. Others believed navy and control of seas vital |
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Term
| Captain Alfred Thayer Manhan |
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Definition
| Wrote the book "Influne of Sea Power upon History" arguing that every succesful world power once held a great navy. Helped start the naal race among the great powers and moved the US toward naval supremacy. Motivated US to look to expanding overseas |
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Definition
| Queen of Hawaii who opposed annexation of Hawaii by Amercians (trying to offset McKinley tariff raising sugar price) She believed natives should rule. However, in 183 Americans revolted and preparted Hawaii for annexation (thugh stopped by cleveland) |
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Definition
| When he bacame president again , Cleeland investigated the coup of Hawaii annexation found it to be wrong and delayed it untill he left office. THough he was bombarded fro stopping manifest destiny, his actions proved to be honorable for hima nd America |
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| Adopted by Congress, prclaming when the US had overtrown spanish misrule, it would give the cubans their freedm and not conquer it (caused imeperialistic europeas to smile skeptically) |
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Definition
| (beyond ridfding of fever, US col not help cuba much) In 1902 the US walked away from cuba but encouraged it to write and pass platt amendment which became their constitution and said 1) U could intervene and restore order in anarchy ase 2) US could freely trae with Cuba 3) US could get two beays for naval bases (Guantonoma bay) |
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| Le insurrection (1899) against US for freedom taking his troops into guerilla warfare after open combat, but proved to be useless and eded in (1901) when his headquarter serw invaded ans he was captureed |
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| Formed a Philipine commision to dal wth them with Taft (head) tried to assimilate them, however they got their indepenece July 4th( |
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| (1889) The US feared countries with in the "spheres of influenece" in CHina might choose to limit or restrict trade. But secretary of Stae John Hay avoided problems by sending notes to powerful countries in China asking them to keep trade open and tariffs low oon china cities |
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| The Boxers were a group of Chinease rrevolutionaries that despised western intervention in CHina and the rebellion resulted in the deaths of thousands of converted christian chinease, missonaries, and foreign legions. (took 5 countries armies and four months to stop) |
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| TR new importance of canal through cnetral american isthmus, for such a waterway made defense of recently acquired islands (phillipines, puerto rico, guam, hawaii) easier |
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| Hay- Bunau Vanilla Treaty |
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| (1903) between the US and Panama and allowed US to build the Panama canal (in return for 10million downpayment and anual 250,000 for 99 years...leased 10 mile wide canal zone) |
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| (began with killiing of chinease civilian and donkey) when columbia tried to stop it, US- citing 1846 treaty with Columbia- wouldnt let the columbian fleet through and panama was thus recognized by the US (with the panamanian minister, Bunau-varilla signing Hay-baneua treaty) |
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| The corallary was an addition to the monroe doctrine in which Rossevelt states that the US would use military to intervene in Latin America on behalf of Europe (if necessary) |
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| (1904) Japan attacked Russia and approached Roosevelt to faciliatate a peace treaty. When both sides met (stubbornly) TR negotiatied a deal in which Japan got half of Sakhalin but no indeminity for its losses. Because neither were completely satisfied, US lost both allies |
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| Negotiated by President Roosevelt in 1908 with Japanses government...the japanese agreed to limit immigration and Roosevelt agreed to convince the San Francisco school board to stop segregating Japanese school children |
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| "New Loft" theory of Imperialism |
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| Fought against monopolies, corruption, inefficiency and for social justice- wanted to use the givernment as an agency of human welfare (roots in Greenbacks, populists). Mostly middle class citizens who felt squeezed by both nig trusts and cheap immigrants -favored the "initiative" so votesrs could directly propose legislation, "referendum" so people could vote of what affects them "recall" to remove bad officials. (la follette?) Also favored the australian ballot (secret) |
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| Exposeres of corruptions or trusts (named by TR) who believed that cures for the ills of American democracy was more democracy. included riis (slums) Dreiser (profiteers) setffens (big buisnesses) Tarbell (Standard oil) Baker (illiterate blacks) |
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| Though women couldn't vote or hold political office, they were very active and focused changes on family oriendted ills such as child labor |
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| Attorney loius d brandieus persuaded supreem court to accepot constitutionality if aws that protected women workers by presenting evidence of harmful effects on weaker womens bodies. (though now mayu seems discriminatory against wones, it helped the progressive movement) |
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| (1911) NYC fire which killed 146 workers mostly young woment, but caused progressives to make major improvement sespeccially in the fight against child labor. (laws stringer regulating hours/conditions of sweatshop labot |
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Progressive cities like Galvenston TX used expert commisions to manage affairs (city manager systems: designed to take politics out of municipal administration)
-wisconsin gov robert lafollette wrestled control from trusts and returned power to the the people (progressive leader) |
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| TR deal whihc embraced the three C's: (control of coorporations, consumer protection, and conservation of US natural recources) |
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| Brokeout in Pennsyvania when 140,000 workers demanded 20% pay increase and 9 hour work day. When owners refused to negotiate, lack of coal caused freezing schools, hospitals, factories, and TR threatened to sieze mines and operate them with federal troops resulting in 10% pay increase, 9 hour workday but no recognition of Union as a bargaining agent |
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Formed the Department of Commerce and Labor including the Berueau of Corporations allowed to probe buisnesses engaged in interstate commerce and useful in "trust busting"
TR decided there were good and bad trusts, and only set out to control bad trusts. (Like Morgans North secutiy company and 40 others)
When taft cracked down of US steel trust, declared good by TR through, lots of tension |
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(1902) Initiated irrigation projects for western states while the giant roosevelt dam was built on Arizonas salt river
(many conservarion acts too; like forest reserve act founding national parks) |
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| Policy whcih called for Wall street bankers to slice their surplus dollars into foreign areas of stategic concern to the US, especially far east and in regions critical to Panama Canal Security in effect giving US economical control over the seas (Urged by Taft) |
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| The tariff issue and the conservation issue spiult the republican party (Old republicans-Taft favored higher tariffs and land for buisnesses, while Progressive republicans- Roosevelt(pushing la follette aside) wanted lower tariffs and land coservation)and they both comnpeted against democrat Wilson |
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| Once a mild conservative but now militant progressice and had attacked trusts and pased liberal measures. After winning Bryan's support, he ran under the democratic ticket platform called "New Freedom" including many progressice reforms (Dine oratator, intelligent, but stubborn on ideals) |
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| Inspired by Croly's "The Promise of American Life" (1910) stating the government shoulkd control the bad trusts and leave the good trusts alone and free to operate. (also, TR called female suffrage and social welfare minimum wage laws) |
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| Wilsons idea favoring small enterprises, desiring to break uo all trusts (not just bad ones) and shunned social welfare proposals |
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| Socialimsm and progressivism characterises 1912 election. (Socialist Debs focusing on needs of production and government ownership-closest they came ot white house/ Progressive Wislson reformers) |
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16th amendment: lnown as income tax amendment (passed because earlier supreme court declared it unconstitutional) and set up a gradual income tax to shift tax burden to wealthy
17 amendment: (1913) stated senators were now to be elected bu popular vote from state citizens (not by state legislatures) |
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| (1913) Created the New Federal Reserve Board (after Wislons plea for a sweeping bank reform) which oversaw a nationwide system of twelve regional reserve districts, each wiht its own central beank adn had the power to issue paper money |
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| Lenghtened the Sherman Anit trust act list of practices that were questionable; exemoted labor unions from being called trusts (as priorly), legalized strikes and peaful picketing by labor unions |
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Wilson from the start tackled the "triple wall of privalege" (tarriffs, banks, and trusts)
For the tarriff he passed underwood taridd (1913) which reduced imporatant fees and enacted graduated income tax (16th amendment)
For the banks he fixed the civil war national bank act (cause of 1907 panic) with sweepign bank reform (Fed.Res.Act)
Fro trusts, congress passed Federal Trade Commision Act empowering president- appointed position to invesitage unfair practices and the Clayton anti trisut act
Next, he also passed reforms such as Farm Loan Act (1916) makning easy farmer crdit, Warehiouse of act(1916( securing state crops, and Adamson Act- 8 hours workday |
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| Wilsons foriegn policy program which was ised in Mexicos revolt.. When exploited poor Mexican people installed Gen. Heuerta to presidency and rebels threated Americans, Wilson refused to interven (though let musitions flow ot Huerta rivals) until sailors arrested and he finally threatend to use force and only moved in after murders (didnt puersue agressive foreign policy and stopped "dollar diplomacy" also signed 1916 Jones aSct granting philiopenes promised independence |
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Definition
| During WW1, the central powers (Germnan-austrtia-hungary) officially freee to trade with US but couldnt because British Navy controlled the seas, while JP Morgans financing of the Allies and war pulle dthe US out of recession |
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Definition
| Germany announced use of submarine warfare around Brisitih Isles, warning US it would not try to attack netral ships but may by mistake (Wilson warned Germany it would be held strictly accoutable) and they sank many british shipos including Luistant with 128 americans. When America wanted war punsihment, Wilson kept neutrallity and after aArabic sinking Germans agreed not to sink unarmed ships..and again agrer the Sussex sinking they agreed nto to sink passenger ships if britain stopped blockade |
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| Note intercepted and published March 1917 written by a German foreign secratary Zimmerman secretly propsing an alliance between Germany and Mexico (said if Mexico fought against the US and central powers won, Mexicocould recvover Texas, NM and AZ from US |
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| Unrestricted sub war fare |
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Definition
| When Wislon made hsi last attemot to avoid war declaring "a peace wihtout victory" Germany respoded by shocking the world and announcing they would break the sussex pledge and returing to unrestricted sub warfare meaing it would fire on all ships in war zone |
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| When the Germans followed trheas and sunk ships, Wilson finally declared war *Many people didnt want the US to enter form it was prided with isolationism for decadesa dn was now entabgling in foreign affaris..6 sen adn 50 rep against) To gain enthusiasm, Wilson said theu were entering to "make world satfe for democrayc" and it worked well |
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| In Jan 1917, Wilson delviered the 14 points adress to congress, a set of idealistic goals for peace with main goals beign : -no more secret treaties -maintained freedom of seas -removal of economic barriers among nations -reduction of armant burdens -adjustment of colonial claims in interests of nations and colonizer -self determination (indeoedence for opperessed minorities ) -league if nations (International organization that would keep oeace in world dispute |
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Germans in America were suprisingly loyal to the US yet many Germans blamed for espianage activities and some were tarred,feathered, beaten
(Espianage act and sedition act of 1917) Also victimized IWW and socialists |
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18th amendment: prohibited sale, distribution, or consumption of alcohal
19th amendment: (1920) Granted women suffreage (women found opputunties in workplace from departed men, women split on war but most in support in hope of vote) |
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| Industrial workers of the world, a radical union led by Haywood who were often procecuted, arrested, convicted, and imprisoned... for virtually any critism of the government could be punished (same result for socialists and leader Debs) |
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| America unprepared for war (though Wilson had created council of National Defnese to study problems with mobilization and launched shipbuilding program, only had 15th largest army and didnt know how much they could produce). Money was raised through slae of war bonds (to people), liberty loan drives, and increased taxes. Mobilization relied more on emotion than laws : Hoover head of food administration organized succesful "meatless tuesday", "wheetless wednesdays: ato sacreafice one goods for war and Fuel administration copied with "heatless mondays" "lightless nights" and "gasless sundays" plus increasesd food production |
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Definition
| When European allies confessed they were short on men, US formed army woth draft and 4 million army sent (Congress made rule that any unemplyed man availabel for war -discouraging strikes aswell- and Taft settled labor issues with National War Labor Board wile Gompers of AFL supported it) They later arrived in time to push Germany out of Paris and Meuse Argonne victory. Also pushed pamphlets on Germany (and resourcrs for army..it was the fear endless US troops ratjer that there performance that beat Germany though |
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Definition
| When he appealed for voters in 1918, republican won and he went ot Paris (angering repub) meeting with Big Four (italy-orlando, france: clemenceua, britain: george, US: Wilson) to dictate terms of treaty thogh all had diff ideas (wilson wanted league of nations so he bargained reluctanly acceppting punishment of War Guitl clase-1)blaming germany 2)( charging it for war ccosts) |
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Definition
| morally bound the US to aid any member of League of nations victimed by agression... supported by Wilson but congress concerned with it because they wanted to preserve war declating power) |
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| At home, republicans proclaimed they would not pass treaty and senators Lodge, Borah, and Johnso bitterly opposed to league of nations. When wilso toured America gaining suport for treaty, Lodge attaked and Borah and Johnson trailed wiht anto treaty speeches. When Lodge came up wiht 14 reservations to reaty of Versailles, Wilson not willing to accept and senate didnt epass the treaty (as wilson told dem. not to pass with reservations |
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Term
| Commitee on Public Information |
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Definition
| Headed by Creel created to "sell" war to those people against it, gained support sending out 75,000 men to delvivler speeches in war favor and made millions of pamphlets/posters/billboards with emotional appeals and ani german movies. Also patriotic songs (creel erred though overselling ideals thugh causign bad dissillusions) |
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Definition
| (1919-20)Hysterical fears of red Russia after Bolshevik revolution spawned small US communist party. Resulting in Gen. Palmer arrests, 249 deported supposed radical aliense, cut back on free speech, and led to predejuce conviction of Sacco and Vanzetti (Ital/atheists) |
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| Attorney General A Mitchell Palmer |
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Definition
| the "fighting Quaker" or "Quaking fighter" who saw red to easily and used raids to arrest 6,000 supposed communists |
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Definition
| New Klan was anti-everything except white anglo saxon protestant. At its peak it claimed 5 million members and used the same tactics of fear,lynching, and intimidation. Eventually stopped with conviction of money fraud |
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| After congress passed Emergency Quota act in 1921 (because of recent 800,000 immigrants) restricting newcomers from Europe to quota set at 3% of people of nationality living in US in 1910, they passed immigration act of 1924 cutting quota to 2% and base origin shifted to 1890 when fewer SE Europeans in US (change had clear racial bias favorign old imm to new and shit door on japanese completely) For the first time more people left than arrived |
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| (18th Amendment) Prohibiting sale and consumption of alcohal> However, law never effectively enforced because many violated it. Most supported by women and womens temperance union and midwest/south. Posed problems for countries that tried to illgally ship it and led to gangs competing for liquor buisness. Id did increase bank savings and less alcohal consumed but still easily available |
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| Proffesor at Columbia University who set forth principles of "learning by doing" and "education for life" progressive ideas which moved education froward (states also increasigly placed minimum age for teens to styay in school) |
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| As evolutionists clashed against creationists, the monkey trial in which hishschool teacher John Scopes of Tenessee charged with teaching evolution arose with Will. Jenn. Bryan against him abd nade to look foolish by scopes attorney Calrence Darrow. (bryan died after trial) The trial inconclusive but illustratesd rift between new/old |
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Definition
Used persuasion, ploy, seduction and sex appeal to sell mercahndise. Also influenced by Bruce Bartons best seller the man nobody knows.
People also follwed new (dangerous) buying techniques using 1) installment plans and 2) credit (both capable of putting consumer in debt |
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Term
| The Man Nobody Knows (1925) |
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Definition
| Claimed christ was the perfect salesman and that advertisers should study his techniques |
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| An engineer, inventor, and tennis player who sought to eleimnate wasted motion . Famous fro scienctific management and time management studies where he mastered movement and helped master the assembly line (For ford??) |
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Definition
| First "talkie" movie, featured Al Johnson. Told the stroy of a poor assimilating Jewish immigrants torn between fathers wishes of being a Orthodax cantor or his ambition of being a jazz singer. (Prevfiously johnson was a black faced singer) |
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| Said sexual repression was responsible for most of society's ills and that pleasure and health demanded sexual gratification and livberation. Embraced by modern "flappers"(1920's) who dressed more prvocativelya and danced new jazz dances |
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Term
| Supreme Court in the 1920's |
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Definition
| Harding apointed 4 of 9 justices (including Taft)-laissez faire capatilism order ex?- and the court killed federal child labor law, and reversed ruling of Muller vs. Oregon (invalidating womens min. wage with Adkins vs. Hospital)..undoing previous progressive acts |
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Definition
| In the middle east, Hughes secured fpr US oil companies the right to share in the exploitations of the oil riches therer |
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| (Pact of Paris said all nations that signed would no longer use war for offenseive means. Won kellogg (collidges sec. of sgtate) the nobel prize for his role. However, virtually useless because wars easily could be justified as defensive and reflected americas false sense of security at the time |
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Term
| Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law |
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Definition
| (Passed because buisness men didnt want Eutrope flooding US markets with cheap goods after the war) Congress passed Law raising tariffs form 27% to 35%- Harding/coolidge admin much more prone to increase tariffs with new authority of 50% change- However, this was prblematic because if Europe couldnt sell goods to get money, they couldnt repay the US for war debts |
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Definition
| One of Hoovers first moves, and hated by foreigners because reversed promising world trend orf resonable tariffs and trade. Began as a protective measure to assist farmers, but turned out to be highest protective tariff of peacetime history. It raised duties on goods from 38.5% to 60% |
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| Most shocking scandal of Harding admin (there was also Forbes and Daughtrey bad doings). Albert Fall leased land in teapot dome,WY and Elk Hills,CA to oilmen Sinclair and Dohney after recievign "loan" (bribe) of 100,00 from Dohrey and 300,000 from Sinclair. As one of the many scandals uynder harding,. it polluted gov prestige and made public wonder of governement and loose faith in courts |
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Definition
| New president Calvin Coolidge was serious, calm, never spoke more than necesayr and very morally clean untouched by harding scandals. (Ironic that the jazz age 20's had boring president |
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Definition
WW1 gave farmers prosperity producing food for soldiers, and new technology in farming increased farm production (tractor) But after the war products weren't needed and farmers fell into poverty.
(They looked for relief in Copper-volstead act:exempting farmers from anti-trust prosecution of marketing cooperatives and McNaury-Heugan bill: keeping agriculture prices high authorizing government to but surpluses and sell abroud (though vetoed by cooldge) |
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| Charles Dawes engineered plan to reschedule German reputation payments and gave way for further American private loans to Germany (essentially a huge circle form us-germany-brit/france-us, so US never really got any money and became enemies with brit/france) |
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Definition
| Logical succesor of Calvin Coolidge, a economic genius who spoke of "rugged individualism" that American made up of self sufficient indivieduals (in election won over dem.Smith who was blanketed by drinking scandal and helped by radio campaign) He had never been elected to office before and made way from poverty, won by landslide. As president, he predicted end of pverty but hit by stock market crash- and many blamed Hoover for it noting he could feed belgium but not america. He did not belive in government tampering with economy and believed just part of buisness cycle, but he finally votted for 2.25 bill to aleviate suffering |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by overspeculation /overly hiogh stock prices on non existent credit . Struck stock and holders lost over 40 mill (more than price of WW1) 4 mill jobless, then 12 mil, 5000 banks collapsed, many homeless. Depression caused by overproducation of products , unsound credit and now national crises |
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Term
| RFC (Reconstruction Finance Corporation) 1932 |
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Definition
| Established as government lending bank. (A large step away from the hoover laissez-faire policies and towards futrue dem. policies) However, giant coorporations benefited most and RFC used as another target for hoovers many critics |
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Term
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Definition
| Many vertrerans not paid compensations for WW1 marched to DC to demand bonus. The "Bonus Expenditionary Forced" campeed in unsanitayr vacant lots and created health hazard and annoyance. Riots followed and troops intevened (after congress tried and failed to pass bill) and many died. Hoover also falsely cahrged the force was led by reds and riff raff and even more people turned against him. |
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Definition
| Franklin D Roosevelt was struck with polio in 1921 and was a cripple though he tried to prove he was not an invalid and never appeared disabled |
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Term
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Definition
| The democratic congress was willing to do as FDR said, earlu days fill with more legislative than ever before . He first called for nationwide bank holiday to eliminate paranoid bank withdrawal and then started with relief (short term) recovery (intermdiate) and reform (long term) with the new deal program- first 100 days |
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Term
| Bold Persitent Experimentation |
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Definition
| Roosevelts method of experimentation to fix the depression; trying one plan if it doesnt work try another |
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Term
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Definition
| First hundred days of FDR administration had more legislative activity than ever. The hundred days congress was democratic controlled and followed FDR |
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Term
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Definition
| Bank reform providing Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) which insured individual deposits up to 5000 dollars, thereby elimnating epidemic bank faliure and restoring faith to banks |
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Term
| Workers Progress Administration |
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Definition
| Created by congress in 1935 as an agancy that gave jobs to people who needed them. They worked on bridge s, roads, gov buildings. Spent 11 bill dollars and gave 9 mill hjobs . Also found part time work for needy students, actors, muscians, writers... (RECOVERY) |
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Term
| Agriculture Adjustment Act |
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Definition
| The AAA payed farmers to reduce production,(came from taxes obtained by makers of expensive farm equipment?) Made available millions to help farmers but killed in 1936 then a more comprehensive second AAA |
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Term
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Definition
| 1935, greatest victory for New Dealers creating pension for all the old aged, the blind, the physically handicapped, delinquent children, etc.. by taxing employees and employers (thouhg attaked by republicans as communist and penalizing rich for success) |
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Term
| Public Works Administration |
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Definition
| Headed by Harold Ickes which dealt with industrial recovery and unemployment RELIEF by creating jobs. However, his determination to prevent waste prevented maximum relief |
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Term
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Definition
| Most complicated, designed to assist industry, loabor, unemplyed. Maximum labor hours, min wages, more labor union rights (eagle symbol) Eventually shot down by supreme court |
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Term
| Tenessee Valley Authority |
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Definition
| (TVA) 1933 sought to discover exactly hpw much money it took to produce electricity, then keep resonable rates. Constructed dams on the tenessee river and helped 2.5 millopn poor improve lives (hydraulic power) |
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Term
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Definition
| (AKA National Labor Relations Act) Guaranteed the right of union to organize collectively,and bargain with management. Unskilled laborers begamn to organize themselves into effective unions |
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Term
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Definition
| FDR blocked by Court and proposed shocking plan to add member to supreme court for every membber over 70--- congress voted against him and FDR was called a dictator. Though it failed, he did get some justices to start to vote his way but faliut=re showed US still didnt want to tamper withth ejustice system |
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Term
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Definition
| Though he helped, depression during FDR 1st term didnt dissapear (unemplyment 25%-15%) IN 1937 economy took brief downturn caused byu gov policies. Finally, he embraced Brisish Keyres policies with bold program byut congress past Reorginization Act limitig administrative power and Hatch act barrign federal officials (excet highest) from political campaigning |
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Term
| London Economic Conference |
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Definition
| (1933) Composed of 66 nations that came together to hopefully develop a worldwidesolution to the great depression. FDR first sent Sec. State Hull but the withdrew scloding other nations for stabalizing currency causing nothing to be accomplished and American isolationism strenghtened |
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Term
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Definition
| (1933) FDR formally recognized the Soviet Union, hoping US could trade with USSR and that soviets would discourage German and Japanese agression |
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Term
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Definition
| Because of hard times (and US sugar producers unwant of filipino compettion) congress passed Tydings-McFuffie Act (1934) giving Philipines independence after 12 years of econ/pol tutalage (army bases relinquished but many kept) |
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Term
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Definition
In terms of Latin America relations, US wanted ot be a good neigbor showing it was content with being a regional power, not a world one. (1933) FDR recounced armed intervention in Latin America--Seventh Pan-America Conference-- and also took marines out of haiti and left Panama. When mexicna forces too oil properties, he also resisted force for peracful deal.
Improved US image in Latin america |
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Term
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Definition
| (1935) Mussoloni attacked Ethiposa conquering it and the Leagu fo Nations failed to take effective action. Then (36-39) Spanish civil war lead to facist Franco destroyong dem government while US failed to help enough . Lastly Hithler growing bolder and preosecyred 6 mill jews/occupied Austria and the Allies allowed im at Munich Conference to have Sudentenlan od Czech hoping that would be the last, but later he took all of Czech |
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Term
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Definition
| Sec of State Hull beleived trade a two wat street and congress passed the reciprocal trade agreements act (1934) lowering rariff policies ained at relief/recovery throug the US trade and amending Hawley smoot tariff providing other country would do same. Paved way for US led free trade international economic system inpkemented afer WWII |
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Term
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Definition
| America continued to hide behind isolationism believing everyting would stay good if not drawn into international embroilments (1934) Johnson debt defaoult act forbade any countries owing US moet from borrowing cash |
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Term
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Definition
| After WWI, many dictatorships prung up like Stalin of Soviet Union, Mussoloni of Italy, and Hitler of Germany (most dangerous because good orator and used big lie to convine he could lead country to greatness) |
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Term
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Definition
| Congress passed acts to prevent america from being sucked into war, they stated that when president proclained existence of foreign wa, certain restrictions automatically go in to affect. However, WWII preoved to be different |
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Term
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Definition
| Britain in dire nedd of destroyers and (1940) FDR trasferred 50 WWI destroyer in return for 8 defensice base sites for 99 years. THis coused controvery but FDR stopped playing isolationism fame and started to step into spot light. |
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Term
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Definition
| though americans were anti hitler and pro britatin couldnt be dragged into fighting) Becuase Europe poers needed US supplies but neutrality acts forbade army saile, new 1939 Neutrality act al,lowed Europe to buy war materials on "cash and carry" basis in which Euripe had to rovide own ships for the arms and pay in cash (because brit/france controlled seas, germany couldnt participate) |
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Term
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Definition
| Britain rinningout of maoney but FDR didnt want to deal with debt, so he came up with lend lease program where US would lend arms and ships to get back when no longer needed (Taft opposed because equptment could be broken) Act was heavily argued but passed and by end America sent billions of arms. (at this pioing , basically abandoned neurtality policy as hitler observed and started shooting down US ships) |
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Term
| Quarantine Speech / japan war in china |
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Definition
| When Japan invaded china FDR didnt call it combat wat, allowing Chinease to get arms and called for quarantine in "Quarantine Speech: askign US to stay neurtal but maorally afainst fascists--angered isolationists |
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| When Hitler growing bolder and preosecyred 6 mill jews/occupied Austria and the Allies allowed him at Munich Conference to have Sudentenlan in Czech hoping that would be the last, but later he took all of Czech |
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| Soviet Non Agression Pact |
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| (1939) USSR shocked world by signing non agression treaty with Hitler, allowing gernany to engulf all of Eurtope withour worrying about Russi a dn opened door for Hitler into Poland |
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| Japan still at war wotj China nut when America imposed embargoes on key supplies, Japan had to choode between Leaving China or attacking US-- though US kned Japoan would attack soon, they were struck by Pearl Harbor (1941) wiped out many ships h=urting 3,000 men and causing US to declare war of Japan and germany/Italy to declare war on US. |
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| Retooling American Industry |
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| African American Contributions |
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| National Debt/ War Finance |
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| Office of Price Administration |
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| Casablana, Tehran, Postdam |
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