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description of "transforming principle" as the material that mediated transformation of
non-encapsulated (non-virulent) strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae into encapsulated (virulent)
strains. |
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| Changes in populations of organisms over time due to selection of inherited characters. |
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| Traits inherited by individual organisms; Laws of Segregation and Independent Assortment. |
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| (1868) discovered DNA ("nuclein"). |
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(1902)
▪ Studied chromosome behavior, developed chromosomal basis of heredity. |
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(1902)
▪ Rediscovered Mendel's work. |
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(1909)
▪ Coined the term "gene", as well as the terms genotype and phenotype. |
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(1908) - suggested that inborn metabolic errors resulted from a defect in a gene
encoding a specific enzyme. This lead to the one gene/one enzyme hypothesis. |
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| Described genetic linkage and developed genetic mapping using the fruit fly as a model. |
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| George Beadle and Edwin Tatum |
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Definition
showed that mutations could be
introduced into genes (by X-rays), resulting in organisms that could not grow on minimal
medium. When these organisms' spores were placed on minimal medium plus a specific nutrient,
they found that some spores could grow. They confirmed Garrod's hypothesis by demonstrating
that each mutant strain lacked a different enzyme needed at points along a metabolic pathway |
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| Avery, Mcleod, and McCarty |
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| Their research demonstrated that "transforming principle" was DNA. Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcus types. |
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| described transposable (moving) genes |
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showed that the percentage of the nucleotide guanine equaled the percentage of
cytosine (%G=%C), and the same was true for adenine and thymine (%A=%T); purines base pair
with pyrimidines |
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Definition
conducted an experiment demonstrating that DNA is the genetic material.
The famous Waring blender experiment involved radiolabeling the protein (with 35S-methionine) and
nucleic acid (with 32P-thymidine) of a bacteriophage, a virus that infects and reproduces within
bacterial cells.showed that only the phage DNA penetrates the bacterial cell,
while the proteinaceous phage head remained outside of the cell. The phage DNA was sufficient to
direct the production of new phage particles |
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| clone leopard frogs from adult skin cells. |
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cross-grafted stalks onto bases between two species of the algal organism
Acetabularia, demonstrating the nucleus-containing base influenced the development of the cap. |
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reported their proposed structure of DNA. They relied on the x-ray
crystallographic work of Rosalind Franklin (working in Maurice Wilkin's lab), as well as the work of
Chargaff and other chemists |
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| x-ray crystallography of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
Discovered DNA pol I has 3 domains/ fucntions
-chain elongation(5'->3' polymerization)
-3'->5' exonucleas- proofreading fucntion
-5'->3' exonucleas- primer removal, nick translation |
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| Observed theta structures in DNA replication. |
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| Observed DNA replication is semiconservative, developed technique of equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. |
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| If a compound could be made that selectively targeted a disease-causing organism, then a toxin for that organism could be delivered along with the agent of selectivity. (magic Bullet) |
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