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A nonbinding agreement to follow common policies.
ex. The Triple Entente: France, Britain, and Russia. Though not as formal as a treaty, it led to close military and diplomatic ties. |
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The glorification of the miliarty
ex. The militarist tradtion made war seem romantic to young men. This was a factor in the start of the war. |
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The land that France lost in the Franco-Prussian War.
ex. French were bitter about their defeat and yearned to recover their lost land. |
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A final set of demands
ex. After the assassination of the Archduke, Austria sent Serbia an ultimatim to avoid war. When Serbia did not agree to all of the terms, Austria declared war on Serbia. |
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To prepare military forces for war.
ex. Russia began to mobilize its military forces for war to support its ally, Serbia (as part of its Pan-Slavist movement) |
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The policy of supporting niether side in a war.
ex. United States, Britian, Belgium, and Italy all remained neutral at a point in the war. |
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A deadlock in whcih neither side is able to defeat the other.
ex. Germany's Schlieffen plan, instead of bringing a quick victory against France and then against Russia brought the first battle of the Marne and then a long stretch of trench warfare and a long, deadly stalemate. Battle lines in France would remain almost unchanged for four years. |
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Large, Gas-filled balloons
ex. These were created and used by Germany to bomb the English coast. |
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Submarines - nicknamed from the German word Unterseeboot.
ex. Germans created these submarines and with them did tremendous damage to the Allied side, sinking merchant ships carrying viatl supplies to Britain. |
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Groups of merchant ships protected by warships.
ex. to defend against submarines, the Allies organized convoys. |
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A vital strait connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean.
ex. The Ottoman empire was a desirable ally because of its location. Unfortuanately, they joined the Central Powers and cut off crucial Allied supply lines to Russia through the Dardanelles. The Allies sent a massive force of British troops in attempt to open up the strait. At the battle of Gallipoli, Turkish troops trapped the Allies on the beaches of the Gallipoli penisula. The Allies finally withdrew from the Dardanelles after 10 months of war. |
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A Colonel sent by the British governemtns to support the Arab revolt.
ex. Arab naitonalists led by Husayn ibn Ali declared a revolt against Ottoman rule. The British government sent Lawrence to support them. He led guerrilla raid agaisnt he Turks, dynamiting bridges and supply trains. |
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The channeling of a nation's entire resources into the war effort.
ex. in order to attain total war, countries drafts, raised taxes, and rationed food and other products. they controlled propoganda, had women help in the war effort. |
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Drafting
ex. During WWI countries required all young men to be ready for military or other service. |
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Military supplies and raw materials needed to make military supplies.
ex. At the start of the war, Britain's navy formed a blockade in the North Sea to keep ships from carrying supplies in and out of Germany.International laws allowed wartime blockade to confiscate contraband, but not items such a sfood and clothing. Despite this, the Britsih blockade stopped both types of goods from reaching Germany...causing the "turnip winter"...and led to the sinking of the Lusitania when Germany declared that it would ink all ships carrying ogods to Britain in revenge. |
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the spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause
Governments use propaganda to motivate military mobilization, especially in Britain before conscription started in 1916
In France and Germany it urged civilians to loan money to the government |
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Horrible acts committed against innocent people.
ex. Propaganda often palyed up the brutality of Germany's invasion of Velgium. It circulated tales of atrocities which were often true, but suometimes distoreted by esaggerations or completely made up. |
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| issued by Wilson, they were a list of terms for resolving this and future wars. He called for freedom of the seas, free trade, large-scale reductions of arms, and an end to secret treaties |
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| the right of people to choose their own form of government, your ethnic group, clearly defined borders |
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| agreement to end fighting. Was between Germany and the Allies |
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A British liner
ex. Germany declared that it would sink all ships carrying goods to Britain with U-Boats in retaliations to Britain's blockade on Germany. The sinking of this ship caused many deaths including some Americans. Germany justified the attck by arguing that the Lusitania was carrying weapons. When Wilson threatedned to cut off diplomatic realations with Germany, thoguh, Germany agreed to restrict its submarine campaigs. Before attacking any ship, U-boats would surface and give warning, allowing neutral passengers to excape to lifeboats. |
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| spread of disease across a large area, country, continent, or the entire world. example: In just a few months, the flu killed more than 20 million people world wide |
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| payment for war damage, or damage caused by imprisonment. example: The Allies demanded that the Central Powers make them,and that Germany paid $30 billion in reparations |
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| those who favor extreme change |
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| The spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause. ex. Governments used propoganda to motivate military mobilization, expecially in Britain before conscription started. In France and Germany, propaganda urged civilians to loan money to the governmetn. Later in teh war, Allied propaganda played up the brutality of Gremany's invasion of Belgium. |
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| a system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace, in world war I teritories were administered by a western power |
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territories administered by Western powers
- In theory they were to be held until they were able to stand alone – however they really became European colonies
- Britain and France gained mandates over German colonies in Africa
- Japan and Australia were given mandates over some Pacific islands |
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| positives of paris peace conference |
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League of Nations
Collective Security
Self determination |
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| negatives of paris peace conference |
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War guilt – how they treated Germany
Reparations
Secret Treaties
Mandates
Jingoism |
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| the growing class of factory and railroad workers, miners, and urban wage earners, They believed that a revolution would occur when the time was ripe |
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councils of workers
they were set up in Petrograd and other cities of revolutionary socialists
At first they worked democratically within the government, before long though the Bolsheviks, a radical socialist group, took charge |
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a secret police force of Communists who used terror not only against the Whites, but also to control their own people
They executed ordinary citizens, even if they were only suspected of taking action against the revolution |
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| communist party officials assigned to the army to teach party principles and ensure party loyalty |
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leader of the Bolsheviks
"Peace, Land, Bread" |
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| an illiterate peasant and self-proclaimed “Holy man”. He was able to "heal" the tsar's hemopheliac son. Was a sinner. Was killed by nobles on December 29, 1916, because they were fearing for the monarchy |
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communists
they set up a network of forced labor camps in 1919
“war communism” -They took over banks, mines, factories, and railroads, Peasants in the countryside were forced to deliver almost all of their crops to feed the army and hungry people in the cities, Peasant laborers were drafted into the military or forced to work in factories
Became an effective fighting forced under Trotsky, Trotsky’s passionate speeches roused soldiers to fight |
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| counterrevolutionary, tsarist imperial officers |
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a shrewd political operator and behind-the-scenes organizer
wanted to concentrate on building socialism at home first
Came to power after Lenin |
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