in the fourteenth

century, the conquests of the ________

and then the breakup of the _________

reduced Western traffic to the East.

________ was a major

entrepot on the long route from the Spice Islands to the Mediterranean Sea, but the ill-informed Europeans believed it was the source of the spices themselves.

Admiral Afonso de

Albuquerque

In __________ four voyages, he

reached all the major islands of the Caribbean,

which he called the Indies, as well as Honduras in Central

America.

A Venetian seafarer,___________,

explored the New England coastline of the Americas under a license from King Henry VII of England.

The

continent of South America was discovered accidentally by the Portuguese sea captain ____________ in 1500.

Beginning in 1519 with a small band of men,

___________ took three years to overthrow the mighty Aztec Empire in central Mexico, led by the chieftain

Moctezuma

By 1550, the Spanish had

gained control of _____________.

Between 1531 and

1536, another expedition led by a hardened and somewhat corrupt soldier, ____________ (1470--1541), destroyed the Inka Empire high in the Peruvian Andes.

In what is often called the ____________, the arduous voyage from Africa to the Americas, losses were frequently

appalling

___________ began the Reformation in the

early sixteenth century, several earlier developments had

set the stage for religious change.

No one gave better expression to the Renaissance

preoccupation with political power than _______________ (1469--1527), an Italian who wrote The Prince (1513), one of the most influential works on political power in the Western world.

The most influential of all the Christian humanists

was _______________ (1466--1536), who formulated and popularized the reform program of Christian humanism. He called his conception of religion ‘‘the philosophy of Christ,’

Henry the 8^th had two daughters _______ and ___________

1588 – ________was sent a fleet to conquer England, Catholic and Protestant fought to turn him back, English destroyed the fleet

ü  _____________– merges with Germany, rulers called themselves Kizer

ü  Diverse country,

o    ruled by Hapsburg,

o   never really a coherent functioning gov.,

o   King was more like the figure head, never really became powerful,

o   eventually broken up into several smaller countries,

o   No common language, or culture, never won a war because of it. 

ü  originally the city of Moscow was called Muscovy. People of Muscovy defeated the Mongolians,

o   Ruler at the time was Peter the Great late 1600- early 1700s, 6 foot 7 determined to make ________ into a great country, built a navy, never could

Rulers had the title Czar

   Queen Elizabeth died without any heirs.

 Gave the thrown to the grandson of Henry the XII - ______§  Determined to rule as he please, limited rule, monarchy did not appeal to him

§  Never really came to a head with Parliament

Dismissed Parliament, but without it he couldn’t collect taxes People would not give him money. Eventually people of England organized a Rebellion, which was organized by the Puritans

____________ – the last Muslim ruler, that got as far as Vienna, after the Muslim world fell to far behind technologically, wanted to make sure his favorite son got the thrown but he was an alcoholic. Killed all his good sons.

___________ was arguably

the greatest ruler in Chinese history. Ascending to the throne at the age of seven, he was blessed with diligence, political astuteness, and a strong character and began to take charge of Qing administration while still an adolescent.