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History Semester 1
Finals
110
History
10th Grade
12/17/2006

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
direct democracy
Definition
a system of government which the people directly by mass meetings
Term
oligarchy
Definition
a form of government in which a small group of people exercise control
Term
republic
Definition
a form of government in which a leader and certain citizens have the right to vote
Term
military state
Definition
state in which the military controls all aspects of life
Term
Socrates
Definition
philosopher that developed the question/answer teaching method. his pupil was plato.
Term
plato
Definition
student of socrates who created the perfect society
Term
aristotle
Definition
student of plato who believed the 3 best forms of government were aristocracy, monarchy, and constitutional government
Term
laws of 12 tables
Definition
the civil code of simple farming society which provided the basis for the Roman system of law
Term
Law of Nations
Definition
a universal law for all people in Rome that was based on reason and allowed justice to be distributed evenly
Term
Pope
Definition
the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church
Term
Holy Roman Empire
Definition
area of German and Italian lands, ruled by the Emperor of Rome; first established in 962
Term
Carolingian
Definition
Charlemagne’s empire which covered much of western and southern Europe
Term
Slavs
Definition
people of central Europe, eventually split into the three groups: western, southern, and eastern
Term
common law
Definition
law that is standard for an entire kingdom
Term
Frederick I and II
Definition
Holy Roman Emperors who attempted to gain control over the Italian states and failed.
Term
Russia
Definition
where the Eastern Slavs settled. Originally ruled by the Vikings, before the Mongols conquered the area. Alexander Nevsky was eventually awarded title of Grand-Prince and his descendants became the rulers of Russia
Term
William of Normandy
Definition
conquered England and defeated King Harold
Term
Feudal Contract
Definition
set of unwritten rules that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal
Term
Feudalism
Definition
political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages, when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection and land in return for service
Term
Seljuk
Definition
nomadic traders who converted to Islam and worked as soldiers for the Abbasid empire and eventually took control
Term
Turks
Definition
Muslims who the Christians fought against during the Crusades
Term
Bohemian
Definition
kingdom the Western Slavs formed
Term
Battle of Hastings
Definition
battle where William of Normandy defeated King Harold and gained control on England
Term
Fief
Definition
a piece of land given to a vassal by a lord. With the land came political duties and was the most important gift that a lord could give
Term
Magna Carta
Definition
the document that stated that a monarch’s power was limited and stated that the relationship between king and vassals was based on mutual rights and obligations
Term
Vassal
Definition
men who served their lords in a military capacity and in turn had their needs taken care of by the lord they followed
Term
Louis IX
Definition
Perfect Medieval Monarch- generous; devoted to justice
Term
and shivery
Definition
code of honor for knights, helped women, wanted to impress the women
Term
Byzantine Empire
Definition
formerly the Eastern Roman Empire; became the Byzantine Empire after shrinking in size and changing the official language from Latin to Greek
Term
Doomsday Book
Definition
listed all taxable goods in the kingdom
Term
Franks
Definition
only German people who proved to be long lasting in Europe
Term
Hugh Capet Philip IV
Definition
French king who made the throne hereditary
Term
Charlemagne
Definition
Frankish king who greatly expanded the empire. Stressed learning and education even though he was not educated
Term
Avignon
Definition
city where popes lived instead of Rome for a short time period
Term
Philip II (aka Augustus)
Definition
French king who fought with Boniface VIII
Term
Boniface VIII
Definition
fought with Philip II; ended up moving to France
Term
Inquisition
Definition
a court establish by the Catholic Church in 1232 to discover and try heretics; also called the Holy Office
Term
Pope Gregory VII
Definition
fought with Henry IV over the ability to appoint Church clerics and won.
Term
Heresy
Definition
the denial of basic church doctrines
Term
King John
Definition
signed the Magna Carta
Term
manor
Definition
large estate where lords ruled and serfs worked
Term
Innocent III
Definition
more involved with politics than spiritual matters; one of the most extreme examples
Term
Serf
Definition
in medieval Europe, a peasant legally bound to the land who had to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lord’s control
Term
Guilds
Definition
a business association associated with a particular trade of craft; guilds evolved in the twelfth century and came to play a leading role in the economic life of medieval cites
Term
money economy
Definition
an economic system based on money rather than barter
Term
commercial capitalism
Definition
economic system in which people invest in trade or goods to make profits
Term
sacraments
Definition
Christian rites
Term
theology
Definition
the study of religion and God
Term
Hundred Years War
Definition
war between England and France
Term
Black Death
Definition
killed 1/3 population in Europe and brought about major social and economic change throughout Europe
Term
Urban society
Definition
a system in which cities are the center of political, economic, and social life.
Term
Humanism
Definition
movement that developed in northern Europe during the Renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church
Term
Secular
Definition
worldly, not spiritual
Term
fresco
Definition
a painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water based paints
Term
mercenary
Definition
a soldier who sells his services to the highest bidder
Term
Michelangelo
Definition
was a painter, sculpture, and architect, and suggested divinity through a perfect human figure
Term
Raphael
Definition
a painter and tried to reach a beauty that surpassed human standards
Term
Leonardo da Vinci
Definition
studied the human body and tried to capture perfection of it, regardless of how real it was
Term
Divine Comedy
Definition
story written by Dante to describe the soul’s journey through heaven, hell, and purgatory
Term
Savonarola
Definition
condemned the Medicci family, gained power but lost it after people got sick of his strict policies (no drinking, swearing, dancing, painting, horseracing, music, books, etc.)
Term
Masaccio
Definition
developed a new, realistic style of painting frescos
Term
Medici
Definition
family who held power in Florence, lost it briefly to Savonarola but soon gained it back
Term
Albrecht Durer
Definition
artist who learned about the Italian views on perspective: did not reject minute details and fit the details into his paintings
Term
Niccolo Machiavelli
Definition
wrote The Prince, a book that revolutioned the thinking about politics, said a ruler did not have to be moral all the time and said that humans were selfish
Term
The Book of the City of Ladies
Definition
written to defend women’s rights and stated that they were just as good as men
Term
Martin Luther
Definition
a monk and professor at the University of Wittenberg. Luther believed that people can never do enough good works to save themselves, and are thus saved on their faith alone
Term
Christian Humanism
Definition
the movement that called for the reform of the Church. Humanists believed that people had the ability to reason and better themselves. They also believed that people would become more pious by reading the classics and the basic works of Christianity
Term
Desiderius Erasmus
Definition
a Christian Humanist philosopher who wrote In Praise of Folly
Term
Renaissance Popes
Definition
group of corrupt popes whose actions during the Renaissance caused Martin Luther to break away; were focused on material matters more that spiritual ones.
Term
Indulgence
Definition
a release from sin and reduces time spent in purgatory. Indulgences could be bought as relics which could then be venerated or as certificates.
Term
Modern Devotion
Definition
a movement which stressed the need to follow Jesus’ teachings
Term
Justification
Definition
that if a person has faith in God, then God makes that person worthy of salvation. He grants His salvation because He is merciful and salvation cannot be gained through good works
Term
Wittenberg
Definition
location where Luther posted his Ninety-Five Theses
Term
Pope Leo X
Definition
pope during the start of the Reformation who did not take Luther seriously, called him a ‘drunken monk who would sober up to his senses’
Term
Charles V
Definition
Charles V and Charles I were the same person, with Charles I being the King of Spain and Charles V the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
Term
Edict of Worms
Definition
declared Luther an outlaw in the Holy Roman Empire
Term
Peace of Augsburg
Definition
the agreement that officially recognized the division of Christianity in Germany and ended the religious warfare. This allowed the German states to be able to choose between being Catholic or Lutheran and gave Lutheran states the same rights as Catholic states
Term
Huldrych Zwingli
Definition
reformer who was killed him, cut up his body, and burned the pieces by his enemies
Term
John Calvin
Definition
a leader in the Protestant Church and took control after Huldrych Zwingli was killed. He believed in justification and predestination.
Term
Predestination
Definition
the belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate)
Term
Henry VIII
Definition
created the Church of England; broke away from the Catholic Church
Term
Catherine of Aragon
Definition
Henry wanted to divorce her because she did not bear him a son; was this divorce that led to him breaking away from the Church
Term
Anne Bolyn
Definition
woman who Henry wanted to marry to bear him a son
Term
Thomas Cranmer
Definition
bishop who went against the Church and declared Henry and Catherine’s marriage divorced and allowed Henry to marry Anne
Term
St. Thomas More
Definition
opposed Henry and was beheaded for it
Term
Edward VI
Definition
Henry’s only son; was sickly; during his reign Protestant doctrine was favored
Term
Mary Tudor
Definition
Henry’s eldest daughter; aka Bloody Mary; favored the Catholic doctrine and killed anyone who didn’t
Term
Ignatius of Loyola
Definition
the founder of the Jesuit order, which were used as missionaries
Term
Pope Paul III
Definition
realized that the Church needed some reformation so he called together the Council of Trent
Term
Council of Trent
Definition
was established to reform the Church and to help reestablish trust in the Church
Term
Vasco de Gama
Definition
sponsored by Portugal, discovered India
Term
Christopher Columbus
Definition
sponsored by Span, discovered Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola
Term
John Cabot
Definition
sponsored by England, discovered New England Coastline
Term
Amerigo Vespucci
Definition
sponsored by Spain and Portugal, discovered South American coast
Term
Francisco Pizarro
Definition
sponsored by Spain, discovered Peru
Term
Ferdinand Magellan
Definition
sponsored by Spain, sailed around the world
Term
Conquistador
Definition
a Spanish conqueror of the Americas
Term
Alfonso de Albuquerque
Definition
helped establish spice trade for Portuguese in southern Asia
Term
Treaty of Tordesillas
Definition
imaginary line which divided the Americas between Spain and Portugal
Term
Colony
Definition
a settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the parent country by trade and direct governmental control
Term
Gold, God, and Glory
Definition
The phrase Gold, God, and Glory tells why the Europeans wanted to explore the world. Gold means the wealth and riches, often gold, which could be acquired. God describes how the explores sought to spread their religion to the native peoples in the lands they explored. Glory tells how the explorers would receive fame and glory in the lands that sponsored them for finding new lands
Term
Mercantilism
Definition
set of principles that dominated economic thought in the seventeenth century; it held that the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver
Term
balance of trade
Definition
the difference in value between what a nation imports and what it exports over time
Term
Mainland states
Definition
part of a continent, as distinguished from peninsulas or offshore islands
Term
Bureaucracy
Definition
an administrative organization that relies on nonelective officials and regular procedures
Term
King Alfonso
Definition
king of the Congo; complained to the Europeans about his cities lacking in young men and women, but his cries were ignored
Term
Ibo
Definition
area which produced the most slaves in Africa; were African
Term
Middle Passage
Definition
the journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas so called because it was the middle portion of the triangular trade route
Term
Brazil
Definition
colony controlled by the Portuguese
Term
Benin
Definition
civilization destroyed by the slave trade- was once a brilliant society, but pulled into the slave trade causing warfare to increase, population to decline, the loss of faith in their gods, and the increase of more human sacrifice
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