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The body of written literature on a given historical topic
The range of debate in American History |
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| The art and science of interpretation |
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| Any source connected to the time period of the event |
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| Anytime you’re writing as a historian about something in the past |
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America is an exception; not bound by historical rules like everyone else
Could be because we are so young; skipped middle and medieval ages
Says that we are absolutely unique |
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Offers the Puritan Interpretation of American History
Puritans came over for religious liberty
Says we are all Puritans—on a mission |
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Third President
The farmer is the heart of the country
Independent
Doesn’t want to be industrial—there is no passion there |
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1st secretary of the treasury
Wants us to become urban and industrial (power) |
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| Frederick K. Jackson Turner |
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Part of the first generation of professional historians in America
Releases Darwin’s book on evolution
“The Frontier Thesis”—we are a people shaped by the frontier experience
Americans are individualistic and democratic |
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German philosopher and Historian; 1818-1833
Father of Communism
Interested in the historical concept
Dialectic Materialism--everyone does things for own economic gain |
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Reacts against Marx
Feels Marxists forgot the level of political consensus (a Lockean consensus) |
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Put forth ideas of rights of life, liberty, and purity (God-given) State should secure these rights.
Most come from a Lockean perspective |
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Emphasizes consensus and frontier
Says we are all action-oriented people (doers not thinkers)
Frontier made us action-centered as Americans |
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| Theory of bureaucracy—we become more bureaucratic people going into the 21st century |
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1865-1877
About mainly physical reconstruction
Change the society and civilization
Fate of the freeman?
How quickly will we admit the south into the union? |
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| Not highly ranked by historians; wrong guy at wrong time |
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A “tweaking” of Lincoln’s plan
Offers an amnesty to any southerner who pledges oath
Appoints a provisional governor to each state in south
Each Southern state must rewrite their constitution
Each state must repeal their succession ordinance
Pay debts
Ratify the 13th amendment |
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Assures citizens equal protection and due process
Also prohibits confederates from holding office ever again |
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| Rights to vote for everyone—race, color, or previous service |
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| Northerners who have moved to the south to earn money and influence republican votes |
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| Native white southerners who vote republican |
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Originally a group to sit back and drink and talk; quickly reverted to violence
Target all republicans—blacks, carpet baggers, and scalawags
Message is that voting is not worth your life |
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Counter to KKK
Military will take on police powers and take on KKK
Subject to incarceration |
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“redeemed” economically and freed them from Northern rule
If you didn’t like them, “Bourbans” |
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Plessy was 1/8 black and wanted to sit in the white section
Segregation okay, as long as “separate but equal”
Were 100-200 lynches a year |
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Born a slave
A realist about equality
Asks..what is most important? Making a living for your family.
Started trade schools for African Americans, maybe a gateway for becoming lawyers and such |
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First African American to receive PhD from Harvard
Grew up in Massachusetts
Went to south and became passionate
Believed NOW is the time for full equality |
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| Transcontinental Railroad |
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| 1869—first line completed |
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Gold, silver, copper
Overnight, creation of “boom towns” |
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Massacre of buffalo
Opportunity for cattle ranching
Overgrazing becomes an issue
Pressure like the miners—sell-outs
Farming land isn’t good out there—mountains, deserts, etc.
Takes a lot more money because of wells, windmills, etc and the special tools needed |
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Joseph Smith
1830s
Under Brigham Young, settle into the west in the 1840s
Reynolds vs. US—polygamy under first amendment rights?
Utah became a state in 1898(?) |
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| Going to give us the reservation system |
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| Cockiness leads to the downfall of the Calvary |
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The leader of the Hibachi tribe in Arizona
Launches a campaign of guerilla warfare
Ran out of followers in 1886—down to 30 people total
Surrendered to the US government in 1886 |
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| Wounded Knee, South Dakota |
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While they are disarming the Indians, a rifle goes off and a battle begins
200 Indians & 25 soldiers are dead
The last battle between the two
Indians live on reservations and live lives as “the forgotten people” |
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Considered one of the great entertainers of the US in the 20th century
Involved in a lot of things “iconic” about the old west
Inspired a novel
1833—starts Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show (similar to a circus) |
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| Invented the telephone in 1876 |
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Made most of his most important discoveries
1847—telegraph
1849—lightbulb |
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Draws a lot of investors in the gilded age
Corporations are growing and become very large
Civil war draws a lot of corporations—guns, etc.
Characteristics:
(1) Management is separate from being an owner—owners are stockholders.
(2) Liability—investors have less risk. |
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A corporation that has taken out the competition
90% of the market (not necessarily 100%)
Every corporation dreams of this—if you are a company, it’s great |
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| When you own everything pertained to your product |
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| When you drive competitors out |
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An oil man in Pennsylvania in the years that follow the civil war
Makes standard oil—one of the most powerful corporations in the United States
1879—achieves monopoly status |
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1873—Bessimer revolutionizes steel
Carnegie realizes that large quantities of steal will be available in the future
Becomes a powerful player in the steel industry—shooting for monopoly status
Becomes stinkin rich; looks forward to recession to cut competitors out |
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Investment banker—Wall Street, stocks and bonds, etc.
Thinks that Monopoly is the way to go—stability, experts, etc.
1901—buys out Carnegie, who becomes the richest man in the world. |
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A much more detached view of the world
You must judge an idea by its practicality
Into efficiency and what works |
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Takes on two forms:
For those who are already rich and for those who aren’t rich yet
The idea that when you make it big, you have to give money back to America
Philanthropy and humanitarian
Carnegie says that he is the richest man alive, and wants to die broke
Invest in civic projects; not direct charity (too much social Darwinism).
And for those who aren’t rich yet
Says that God wants you to get rich |
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Feel a serious burden for the poor
Feel that the heart of the gospel isn’t in the heart of theology, but in action
Reach out to the slums and intercities |
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| One worker has no say, but more than one has more power |
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She would have like for “sex” to be included in the 13th amendment
Stop treating women as second-class citizens |
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Believes there are a wide range of issues to be addressed
Voting rights, labor reform, prohibition, cultural activities |
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People not qualified for jobs get them anyway—right connections to a politician
Do we need civil service reform? |
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Civil Service Reform
Targets Chester Arthur |
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Not one of the reformers, has no problems with the spoils system
Concerned primarily with winning 1880 campaign
Decides to choose Arthur as a running mate and they win
Gets a stalker who writes him lots of letters—believes that if he gives Garfield his endorsement, Garfield’ll win. When Garfield wins, he expects to get a payout. He doesn’t get it, so then the stalker shoots Garfield and dies. Ironically, Garfield became a victim of the spoil system. |
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Arthur becomes president; made a fortune of corrupt politics
Decides to back up civil reform—signs Pendleton Civil Service Act which ends kickbacks and requires a test for those who work in civil work. |
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| Pendleton Civil Service Act |
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| ends kickbacks and requires a test for those who work in civil work. |
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