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| Traditional date of Rome's founding as a monarchy. |
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| Rome and Carthage fight Third Punic War. |
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| Social War between Rome and its Italian allies. |
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| First Triumveirate of Ceasar, Pomepy, and Crassus. |
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| Civil war, with Caesar the victor. |
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| Cicero writes his philosophical works on "humanitas". |
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| Ceasar appointed dictator for life; assassinated in same year. |
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| Decius persecutes Christians. |
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| Octavian (the future Augustus) conquers Ptolemaic Egypt. |
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| Augustus inaugurates the "principate". |
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| Titus captures Jerusalem and destroys the Jewish temple. |
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| Diocletian creates the tetrarchy. |
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| Diocletian launches Great Persecution of Christians. |
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| Religious toleration proclaimed in the Edict of Milan. |
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| Council of Nicaea defends Christian orthodoxy against Arianism. |
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| Theodosius I makes Christianity the official state religion. |
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| Council of Chalcedon attempts to forge aggreement on Christian orthodoxy. |
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| The "fall of Rome" (German commander Odoacer deposes the final western emperor, the boy Romulus Augustulus). |
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| Clovis establishes Frankish kingdom in Gaul. |
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| Justinian publishes law code and handbooks. |
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| Conversion of Visigothic king Reccared. |
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| Papacy of Pope Gregory the Great. |
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| Synod of Whitby; English king opts for Roman form of Christianity. |
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| Period of iconoclasm at Byzantium. |
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