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| A way of life based in cities with dense populations organized as political states, large buildings, the production of food, diverse economies, a sense of local identity, and some knowledge of writing. |
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| The belief in and worship of multiple gods. |
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| The belief in and worship of only one god. |
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| An urban center exercising political and economic control over the surrounding countryside. |
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| Mesopotamian temples of massive size built on a stair-step design. |
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| The earliest form of writing, invented in Mesopotamia and done with wedge-shaped characters. |
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| King of Babylonia in the 18th century BC, famous for his law code. |
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| The ancient Egyptian pictographic writing system for official texts. |
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| Texts giving instructions for proper behavior by officials. |
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| Found of the Persian Empire |
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| The first five books of the Hebrew Bible, also referred to as the Pentateuch. It contains early Jewish law. |
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| The Greek value of competitive individual excellence. |
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| Greece's first and most famous author, who composed The Iliad and The Odyssey. |
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| The Greek city-state, an independent community of citizens not ruled by a king. |
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| In ancient Greece, a set of official, publicly funded religious activities for a deity overseen by priests and priestesses. |
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| A heavily armed Greek infantryman. Hoplites constituted the main strike force of a city-states's militia |
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| A slave owned by the Spartan city-state; such slaves came from parts of Greece conquered by the Spartans. |
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| The villages and city neighborhoods that formed the constituent political units of Athenian democracy in the late Archaic Age. |
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| The philosophic idea that people must justify their claims by logic and reason, not myth. |
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| Athens's leader during the great Persian invasion of Greece. |
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| The naval alliance led by Athens in the Golden Age that became the basis for the Athenian Empire. |
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| Greek wooden warships rowed by 170 oarsmen sitting on three levels and equipped with a battering ram at the bow. |
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| Greek wooden warships rowed by 170 oarsmen sitting on three levels and equipped with a battering ram at the bow. |
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| Athens's political leader during the Golden Age. |
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| The Athenian system of democracy established in the 460s and 450s BC that extended direct political power and participation in the court system to all adults male citizens. |
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| An annual procedure in Athenian radical democracy by which a man could be voted out of the city-state for ten years; its purpose was to prevent tyranny |
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| Competitive intellectuals and teachers in ancient Greece who offered expensive courses in persuasive public speaking and new ways of philosophic and religious thinking beginning around 450 BC. |
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| The Athenian philosopher Socrates' method of teaching through conversation, in which he asked probing question to make his listeners examine their most cherished assumptions. |
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| A follower of Socrates who became Greece's most famous philosopher. |
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| Philosophical ideas about the ultimate nature of reality beyond the reach of human sense. |
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| Greek philosopher famous for his scientific investigations, development of logical argument, and practical ethics. |
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| The fourth-century BC Macedonian king whose conquest of the Persian Empire led to the greatly increased cultural interactions of Greece and the Near East in the Hellenistic Age. |
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| An adjective meaning "Greek-like" that is today used as a chronological term for the period 323-30 BC |
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| A philosophical doctrine of the Hellenistic Age that denied metaphysics and claimed instead that only things consisting of matter truly exist. |
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| The philosophy founded by Epicurus of Athens to help people achieve a life of true pleasure, by which he meant "absence of disturbance". |
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| The Hellenistic philosophywhose followers believed in fate but also in pursuing excellence (virtue) by cultivating good sense, justice, courage, and termperance. |
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| The "common" or "shared" form of the Greek language that became the international language in the Hellenistic period. |
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