From Arabic meaning "bench". Term used to identify ancient Egyptian tombs with flat tops and battered sides, built over subterranean burial chambers.

 Example: Step Pyramid at Saqqarah, Egypt

term used to describe a generic structural type in which upright columns support horizontal beams; the structure maybe stone, wood, or iron and steel.

Example: Valley Temple at Khafre, Pyramids of Giza, Egypt

A style of architecture exemplifying the commonest techniques, decorative features, and materials of a particular historical period, region, or group of people.

Example: Traditional earthen roundhouses, Ghana, Africa

Resembling or made to resemble a human form.

Example: Traditional earthen roundhouses, Tamberma (Batammaliba) region of Togo and Benin

Pertaining to the handing down of statements, beliefs, legends, customs, information, etc., from generation to generation, esp. by word of mouth or by practice.

Example: Traditional mud architechture, Bozo region of Mali, Africa

Pertaining to the branch of philosophy dealing with the elements and laws and especially the characteristics of the universe such as space and time and causality.

Example: Serpent Mound, Dayton, OH - perfectly maps out rising and setting of sun during different seasons

The principle reception room of a Mycenaean residence or palace, entered through a porch with two columns in antis.

Example: citadel with megaron, Tiryns, Greece

The long, middle part of a column, between the base and capital.

Example: Doric order columns on the Parthenon, Athens, Greece

In classical architechture, the decorated topmost part of a column, above the shaft, on which rests the entablature.

Example: Doric order column capital on Parthenon, Athens, Greece

In Greek architecture and derivatives, a set of adjustments of normal shaping and spacing made supposedly to counteract the somatic peculiarities of human vision.

Example: Parthenon, Athens, Greece

Knowledge based on ideal forms. (Beauty depends on ideal prototype)

Example: 2 Temples of Poseiden, Paestum, Italy

Knowledge based on our experience from the five senses of sight, hearing, smell, touch, and taste.

Example: Acropolis (Propylaia and Parthenon), Athens, Greece

A structural form composed of numerous arches, in contrast to trabeated.

Example: Pont du Gard, Nimes, France

An arch rotated about its center vertical axis.

Example: Pantheon, Rome

A masonry vault resting on two parallel walls and having the form of a half cylinder.

Example: first floor of Colosseum, Rome

Vault formed when two barrel vaults intersect at right angles.

Example: Second floor of Colosseum, Rome

A column that is attached to and appears to emerge from the walls of one side of a building.

Example: Temple of Jupiter, Nimes

A perception that fails to give the true character of the object perceived.

Example: Temple of Jupiter, Nimes

Disorientation of those trying to experience the building?

Example: Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Palestrina 

Building which has two distinct axes in which to experience.

Example: Forum of Trajan, Rome

A large meeting hall, most often used to hold law courts.

Example: Basilica Ulpia, Forum of Trajan, Rome

A semicircular projection from an enclosed space.

Example: Basilica Ulpia, Forum of Trajan, Rome

Concrete used by the Romans. It was actually laid on because it was too thick to be poured, as it would be today.

Example: Pantheon, Rome

Either of the two lateral arms in a Latin-cross-plan church.

The taller space of a church lit by clerestory windows.

Example: St. Peter's Basilica, Rome

The central court, open to the sky, that provided access to the principal rooms.

Example: Christian house-church, Dura Europos, Syria

One who is being taught the principles of Christianity.

(Christians that had not yet been baptized)

Example: Christian house-church, Dura Europos, Syria

Any elevated series of windows for light and ventilation.

Example: St. Peter's Basilica, Rome

"house-church"

Example: Christian house-church, Dura Europos, Syria

A church that is planned around a central point, such as a dome or octagonal space.

Example: S. Vitale, Ravenna, Italy

A relatively thin wall supporting nothing but itself, analogous to the "curtain wall" of skyscrapers.

Example: Hagia Sofia, Istanbul (Constantinople), Turkey

Where arcs meet to make square walls into a circle.

Example: Hagia Sofia, Istanbul (Constantinople), Turkey

Newark, OH - around 100 BCE to 500 CE

Hopewell culture- Indians built astronomical observation platforms

Now in the middle of a golf course, large circle and uneven trapezoid can be seen.

Saqqarah, Egypt - 2700 BCE

architect - Imhotep

• Mastaba upon mastaba
• First tomb built in pyramid shape
• Palace built next to it - deep groves in walls capture drama of light and shadow - also resembled coffins (transfer of values)
• Papyrus and lotus capitals - nature symbolism[image]

Pyramids of Cheops, Chefren, and Mycerinus - Giza, Egypt, 2600-2500 BCE

• top of tallest pyramid is conserved limestone - would have shined
• made to be a symbol, not a functioning building
• orientated towards the west[image]

Deir-el-Bahari, Egypt - 1500 BCE

architect: attributed to Senmut

• cut into rock but faces out to east - rising of sun
• to understand, you have to walk into it (3 levels of terraces)
• middle terrace had planted trees that gave a beautiful aroma that suggested eternal life[image]

near Winchester, England - 1750 BCE

• replicates universe
• June 21st - priests pray for Sun

Knossos, Crete - 3000-1450 BCE

Minoan civilization

• incredibly complex structure suggesting an open society
• was some sort of heirarchy shown through 3 great halls with 2 columns - needed for structure but also symbolism of power
• lived with natural world
• mural decoration (dolphins) - more lively than Egyptians
• columns throughout building not standard - enlarge to top like human body - shoulders hold up building above[image]

Tiryns, Greece - 1500-1300 BCE

• home and reception area of King
• prepares in wood for later Greek temple in marble
• special form of column - inverted
• chamber (megaron) for King made up of 3 parts - first probably security living for protection - 2 columns at entrance, third had throne, 4 columns and fire pit - practical but probably symbolic of power[image]

Paestum, Italy - 550 BCE

• slimmed columns and capitals
• columns more spread apart
• Plato's philosophy of idealism

Athens, Greece - 442-437 BCE

by Ictinus

• temples smashed by Persians - destroyed originals but Greeks rebuilt them
• layout complex - on a hill and protected by gatehouse
• entrance on backside (east facing)
• optical refinements - base of Parthenon curved and slightly curved lintels (to show beauty, they must be untrue)
• was vividly colored, not white
• If entered, would see a huge statue of Athena - but outside shows story of her through carvings on pediments (morally elevating - good wins out)[image]

Athens, Greece - 437-432 BCE

by Mnesikles

• gatehouse to the Parthenon
• see Parthenon's corner from Propylaia
• exactly sighted so when looked at away from Parthenon, it points to the Bay as revenge to Persians [image]

1. illusionism
2. sensory deprivation
3. creative disorientation
4. structural daring (psychological daring)
5. rich interior achievement

Nimes, France - 1st century BCE

• structural daring - building seems to have an instability to it
• bridge and aquiduct
• cut stone
• arcuated system - works as a constant battle between forces (compressive - pushing down and tension - pulling out) - in equilibrium, arc will stand[image]

Nimes, France - 1st century BCE

• elevated on high podium
• looks parallel to Greece, but different
• on side, fusion of structural and decorative design
• columns get integrated with wall (illusionism)[image]

Palestrina - 80 BCE

• means "fortune of first born"
• parts still exist - went up into a "sacred" mountain
• sensory deprivation - makes your senses useless
• creative disorientation - start on street, go up a ramp, then another ramp to a large terrace, then a staircase to temple - experience mostly in dark[image]

Pompeii - 2nd century BCE

similar to Vettii house

• orderly house, goes in special sequence
• formal garden, and larger, wilder garden
• Pansa family in part of house - other side is tenants or shops
• exterior tells nothing about interior
• pretty straight central axis
• Vettii house - highest development of illusionism - walls painted to look like something they aren't[image]

written by Vitruvius - 29 BCE

• only known book on architechture from this time
• masterpieces not built yet
• view not majority view - kind of conservative
• believes Roman architechture came out of Greek architechture (actually pretty parallel)

Rome - 72-80 CE

• would have capacity of 70-80,000 people
• could be flooded for simulation naval battles
• can still see stage machinery
• 4 stories tall - mix of marble, volcanic stone, and concrete
• Romans proud that the whole thing could be empty in 10 min
• has 80 entrances - none the main one, all identical
• also have both a post and lintel system and archways
• curved barrel vaults around building on main level, groin vault on second level[image]

Rome - 111-117 CE

architect - Apollodorus of Damascus

• had to wedge monument in
• encounter emporer 3 times: statue on horse, statue on top of column, and temple to honor him
• sequence of impressions disorienting - disoriented people are emotional slaves to emporer
• statue of Trajan marks where the hill would have standed
• 2 libraries on either side of main column, then move onto temple where Trajan is portrayed as a god[image]

Rome - 111-117 CE

architect Apollodorus of Damascus

• middle element in the Forum of Trajan
• enter it from long sides
• courthouse - both ends (apse) have judges
• cuts person down as a speculator
• if they still have courage, they move on to see the large column with Trajan on it[image]

Rome - 118-128 CE

possibly designed by Emperor Hadrian with Apollodorus of Damascus

• was a temple for all gods
• gigantic granite columns
• dome - 144 ft
• material = "poured" concrete - more shoveled out
• large 30 ft occulus in top of dome, for gods to look down, also astronomical viewing - helps stability of dome
• probably had a closed forecourt before you got to actually see Pantheon
• hidden light sources - windows[image]

Rome - 307-312 CE

• still see 1/3 of today
• was a law court and and audience hall
• enter from short side, proceed down central space - sides were probably where trials were held
• Constantine adds a new apse and a new entranceway - plays with sensations
• Hitler addressed Italians in the 1930s at the new apse Constantine added[image]

Dura Europos, Syria - 230 CE

compare to House of Pansa

• Christians gave their houses to be used for worship - police clueless and kind of holy building because of ancestory
• Already structured in a highly organized manner
• Prayer direction west towards Jerusalem[image]

Rome - 324 CE

• Edict of Milan - Constantine accepts Christianity and promotes it
• Law courts/audience halls of Constantine had very powerful layouts - everything focuses towards apse and building associated with justice
• Basilica has 2 sets of columns on each side
• 4 aisles - probably divided by gender
• Everyone looks directly at apse - priest
• Had wooden roof - practical and cheap
• Large atrium for catechumens to go during mass
• But no place to communicate with body or leave tributes[image]

Jerusalem, Israel - 326 CE

• Constantine built basilica
• In east - separation of gender very strong - built different galleries for each
• 12 columns = 12 diciples
• Within: site of Jesus' crusification & his tomb (closed off in a dome-like structure)[image]

Ravenna, Italy - 549 CE

• Built of brick - not costly, with wooden roof
• No vaulting - simplicity
• Must also be seen as beautiful - large alter in apse
• Light comes in nicely and also contains mosaic work[image]

Rome - 4th century CE

• Not a Byzantine construction, but shows the tendency to rich centralized space that would become the hallmark of Byzantine construction later
• Put up at tomb for Castanza - daughter of Emperor Constantine
• Enter into intermediary space - sacredness already starting
• Can walk around in 3 different circle paths - very central = tomb
• Brings back central focus, light in a mysterious way, and art decoration
• Pagaen mosaics on ceilings
• Suggests there's always going to be demand for central focused buildings and personal engagement with them[image]

Ravenna, Italy - 526 CE

• Portraits of Emperor and Empress Justinian and Theodora
• externally - standard Roman type building taken over by Christian architechture - 2 story octagon
• Has atrium - got lost 1000 years ago - placed against octagon in angled way
• Enter narthex - intermediate space - must choose which way to enter octagon
• Could also walk around outer octagon or move into center, or look into the apses.
• Compromise between central plan building and requirements for Christian worship (apse and narthex, etc.)
• Walls covered in marble
• Alter had a curtain - would be opened depending on moments in service
• Justinian and Theodora had themselves depicted in mosaics[image]

Istanbul (Constantinople), Turkey - 532-537 CE

built by Anthemius of Tralles (engineer) and Isidore of Miletos (mathematician)

• Dedicated to "holy wisdom" itself
• Compromised building - central planned building, but also has atrium, longitudinal axis, apse, aisles, etc. (Perfect worship conditions)
• Consists of a central dome and 2 half domes and 4 quarter domes - spacially complex
• Role of Isidore very important - drawings must have had to be in 3D to plan building
• Has a thin screen wall below dome - structurally does not need to exist
• Light quality fantastic inside
• Statue of Justinian outside[image]