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| - general during Abbasid caliphate, served under al-Ma'mum and after Ma'mum's victory in Abbasid civil war, Tahir was granted hereditary governorship and was also made general over all military |
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| Abbasid civil war (809-13) |
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| : al-Ma’mun vs. brother al-Amin: After the death of al-Rashid in 809, the relationship between the two brothers deteriorated. Al-Amin declared his own son Musa to be his heir. This violation of Al-Rashid’s testament led to a civil war in which al-Ma’mun’s newly recruited Khurasani troops defeat Al-Amin’s armies and lay siege to Baghdad. In 813 al-Amin was beheaded and al-Ma’mun was recognized caliph throughout the empire. |
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| : Arabic term meaning “owned”, usually conotating a slave soldier, most often of Turkish origin. Converted to Islam and became powerful military caste. |
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| (776-869): Famous afro-arab scholar that wrote famous Arabic prose, and also wrote about numerous other subjects such as zoology, history, philosophy, and biology. |
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| (r. 868-84) and the Tulunid Dynasty of Egypt (868-905): was the founder of the Tulunid dynasty that ruled Egypt. He was originally sent by the Abbassid caliph as governor to Egypt, but established himself as an independent ruler |
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| (909-1171): The dynasty was founded by Abdullāh al-Mahdī Billah, who legitimised his claim through descent from Muhammad by way of his daughter Fātima as-Zahra and her husband Alī ibn-Abī-Tālib, the first Shī’a Imām, hence the name al-Fātimiyyūn “Fatimid”. Abdullāh al-Mahdi’s control soon extended over all of central Maghreb, the area consisting of the modern countries of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, which he ruled from Mahdia, his newly-built capital in Tunisia. |
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| (756-1090): Under the leadership of the “party kings” of Andalus, the Umayyad caliphate of Andalus became increasingly vulnerable and began to come under siege by King Alfonso VI of Castile. In fighting and constant attack from the Christians lead to the eventual collapse of the Umayyad caliphate of Andalus by 1100. |
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| (945-1055): Muslim Shi'ite dynasty founded by three sons of Buyeh, a Daylamite (north Persian) fisherman. They captured Baghdad in 945, and each brother took a portion of territory. After they died, one Buwayhid leader, 'Adud al-Dawlah, consolidated control in 977 and enlarged the Buwayhid domain. From 983 the territories were split among family members. The dynasty ended when the Turkic Seljuq dynasty took Baghdad in 1055. Buwayhid art maintained its influence throughout the Seljuq reign; with Buwayhid silverwork being the most noteable.. |
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| : From the Arabic word meaning “sulta,” meaning “power” or authority.” Buyid and Saljuq military rulers assumed the title to distinguish their actual power from the nominal authority of the Abbasid caliph; in later centuries it became the typical term for the sovereign of a Muslim state. |
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| (1055-1194): Dynasty from the Oghuz Turkish confederation that conquered huge areas of the Muslim world in the eleventh century. |
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| (999-1187): The Ghaznavid Empire was a Khorasanian Sunni Muslim state, founded by a dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin. It was centered in Ghazni, a city in present Afghanistan, and ruled much of Persia and the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent. Due to the political and cultural influence of their predecessors - that of the Persian Ṣāmānī dynasty - the originally Turkic Ghaznavids had become thoroughly persianized. The dynasty was founded by Sebuktigin upon his succession to rule of territories centered around the city of Ghazni from his father-in-law, Alp Tigin, a break-away ex-general of the Ṣāmānī sultans. Sebuktigin's son, Shah Mahmoud, expanded the empire in the region that stretched from the Oxus River to the Indus Valley and the Indian Ocean. The Ghaznavid Empire grew to cover much of present-day Iran, Afghanistan, and northwest India and Pakistan, and the Ghaznavids are generally credited with launching Islam into Hindu-dominated India. In addition to the wealth accumulated through raiding Indian cities, and exacting tribute from Indian Rajas the Ghaznavids also benefited from their position as an intermediary along the trade routes between China and the Mediterranean. They were however unable to hold power for long and by 1040 the Seljuks had taken over their Persian domains and a century later the Ghurids took over their remaining sub-continental lands. |
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| (1018-1092) and the Book of Government : Served the Ghaznavid sultans, Nizam ul-Mulk became chief administrator of the entire Khorasan province by 1059 AD. From 1063, he served the Seljuks as vizier and remained in that position throughout the reigns of Alp Arslan (1063-1072) and Malik Shah I (1072-1092). He left a great impact on organization of the Seljuk governmental bodies and hence the title Nizam al-Mulk which translates as "the order of state". Aside from his extraordinary influence as vizier with full authority, he is also well-known for systematically founding a number of schools of higher education in several cities, the famous Nizamiyyah schools, which were named after him. In many aspects, these schools turned out to be the predecessors and models of universities that were established in Europe. Nizam ul-Mulk is also widely known for his large dissertation on kingship and the approach to governing titled The Book of Government. |
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| : Arabic term for a grant of land or of its revenues by a government to a military officer or civil official in lieu of direct cash payment or services. |
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| (1079-1085) – the Seljuk method of control in Syria led to a split system of gov’t |
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| European expansion: Toledo |
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| (1085)- retaken by Spanish from Muslims |
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| Urban II and the Speech at Clermont |
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| (1096): attempt to extend Latin political control |
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| (1096-99): Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, Jerusalem – slow start, as they arrive in Syria, but these places are taken by the invaders |
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| (1095-1188): historian, lived through crusades, recorded their occurrences. Lived in a world where it was normal to have Franks, details issues with them |
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| Third Phase of resistance to crusaders |
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| (1174-87): Salah al-Din runs movement |
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| (1138-1193): new sultanate established, work to retake main Syrian cities |
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| (1187): Salah al-Din draws out the troops of the Crusaders, defeats the main Frankish army |
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| (1169-1250): dynasty of Salah al-Din work to pragmatism, worked with remaining crusaders. Subsequent crusades hit Egypt first. Benefit from trade through Middle East |
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| 1218-1238: signed agreement with Frederick to grant Crusades control over Jerusalem with conditions |
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| (1223-1277)- the Mamluk sultan who drove out the remaining costal fortresses of the crusaders |
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| (711-1492) – portrayed as a golden age for all three religions in Spain |
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| – military units which arrived in Spain from Syria fleeing Umayyad collapse who upset political balance in Iberia |
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| (1085) – Christians retake city, huge first step leading to institutionalization of the reconquest of Iberia |
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| (1056-1147) – rulers in cooperation with ulama, revolts and replaced in 12th century |
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| (1085) – Christians retake city, huge first step leading to institutionalization of the reconquest |
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| (1056-1147) – rulers in cooperation with ulama, revolts and replaced in 12th century |
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| (1147-1269) – north Africa berber dynasty who reclaim more of Iberia, mostly by 1172 |
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| Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa |
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| (1212)- north Spanish forces defeat main Muslim army, leaves Almohads nearly strengtness |
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| approach allowing mystical thought about closing with god, hal was god’s grace and maqam was the posture of discipline that a sufi assumes – self denial plus god’s grace = a nearness to god |
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| Khurasanian tendency in Sufism |
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| – estatic tendencies, form of Sufism, ignored obedience to Qu’ranic law, stressed resignation to god’s will, believed in the fusions of one’s soul with the God head – took the form of very dramatic performances |
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| (d. 923) – a member of the Khuasanian tendency, walked into street, claimed to be God quote “I am the truth” this is a heretical statement, arrested, tried and hung |
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| Baghdadi tendency in Sufism |
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| – stress ascetism, contrast in virtues, stress conformity with law, |
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| (d. 910) – a part of the Baghdad tendency, develops a pattern for Sufi engagement with world. Called fana and baqa |
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| – right practice and return to a non-estatic form of worship, fana is the state of losing oneself in a mystical trance, and baqa is return to a state of non estatic religious behavior which would be more fulfilling because of fana |
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| – turns into term for Sufis, means originally the practice of mysticism |
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| - sufi meetinghouses or lodges that had typically been converted from forts. Provided prayer, lodging, communal mtgs, training, education |
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| – Persian term for lodge Sufis stay in to pursue their mystic way |
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| (d. 1049) –looked to standardize mystic experience, organized life for the Sufi Adepts, seen as kind of saint |
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| – term for devotees of Abi’l-Khayr |
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| (1058-1111) – finds middle way for mystics, writes texts criticizing others and explaining how he came to embrace Sufism |
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| The First Phase in the Muslim resistance to the Crusaders |
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| (1099-1146): Mesopotamian leadership of reaction to the Crusaders |
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| (d. 1146) governor of seljuks, independent by 1149, repelled by Crusaders |
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| The Second Phase of Muslim resistance to the Crusaders |
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| (1146-74): rise of religious feelings, ascension of Zengi’s son |
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| (r. 1146-74): wanted to take Damascus, increases muslim devotion to Jerusalem, sends two men to take Cairo and Egypt, one of whom is Saladin |
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| : story of Muhammeds ascension to heaven from Jerusalem, in one night returns. Sought to bring movement south to Cairo |
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| : schools of law, a group of scholars, include the Hanafi school, Maliki school, Shafi’i school, Hanbali school |
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| : result of an endowment of a wealthy individual, a building used for study, for housing students and as a library, the money went to pay teachers, student scholarship, maintain library, the ulama became in this situation not only teachers but administrators who had control over money, usually taught the Madhhab chosen by the patron who endowed it |
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| : a certificate given by the teacher that qualifies the person to teach the books he was taught, a very personalized form of teaching |
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| : a traditional public disputation between scholars |
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| : in the relationship between the Hanbali School and the people in Baghdad he lead the rejection and resistance of the establishment of orthodoxy, saw the state as an alien institution in this situation |
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| (1018-92): wrote the “Book of Government” outlining how government protocol should run, the policy to calm quarrels – constructed and endowed madrasas in every major city and stipulated the teaching of two sunni schools: Hanafi and Shafi’i, by combining them in a single madrasa – sought to create a sense of unity, began the process of recognition between sunni madhhabs |
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| (est 1243): a new Madrasa founded in Baghdad that housed all four schools, convenient that buildings had four sides where students of a specific school would live and study |
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| Lachrymose conception of Jewish history |
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| : means tearful and refers to the fact that Jews under Christian rule knew nothing but a chain of suffering and persecution, Seen in contrast to what is seen as a golden age of toleration under Muslim rule, Jewish intellectuals in 19th cent Europe invented this golden age idea – impatient for progress when Europe was claiming it, pledges of equality were slow in coming |
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| Neo-lachrymose conception of the Jewish history |
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| : Reaction to the lachrymose, Said Jews had as much if not more persecution under Muslim rule, Invented by Jewish writers, Say Islamic society is naturally predisposed to persecution, Transferring theory of Jewish suffering from Christendom to Islam, Narrow and selective evidential base |
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| : constitutes the basis for rule over non-Muslim communities, est by second Caliph Umar the 1st or by Umar the II (717-720) Two versions of the pact, Establishes the concept of the dhimma, Restrictions on dress tells how very similar they looked, Cannot build a new synagogue or church – an attempt to control and limit the expansion of non-Muslim populations etc |
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| : all non-Muslim adult males had to pay a poll tax, one of the concessions given in the Dhimma |
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| : (means protection) which promises protection of the non-Muslim communities in return for certain concessions, listed in the Pact of ‘Umar |
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| : term used to denote protected non-Muslims |
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| a non-Muslim group given broad autonomy by their Muslim rulers |
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| Greek Orthodox/Coptic Patriarch |
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| : a non-Muslim group given broad autonomy by their Muslim rulers |
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| Jewish Exilarch (resh galuta) |
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| : representative of the relative autonomy given to some religious groups by their Muslim rulers |
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| : 1260 in north Israel, the same sultanate that kicked out the crusaders also defeated the Mongols at this battle |
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| : a land assignment system, if not closely monitored could lead to a localized control and decentralization of power |
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| (1162-1227): He may have been motivated to organize this Asiatic confederation b/c of shamanistic dreams. With in four decades he succeeded in bringing central Asia, the Middle East and eastern European steps under his control, he divided his territory among his four sons |
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| (1256-1353): the Mongol regime in Iran and Anatolia considered one of four descendant empires of the Mongol Empire, established in Persia, the rulers adopted Islam |
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| (1160-1233): A Muslim historian born in South Anatolia witnessed Mongol and European invasions, he says it was on the watch of the statelits (Khuarazmshahs) that the Mongols invaded, describes the Muslims as acting like cowards when facing a Mongol, and describes the Mongols as being a supreme force never seen before |
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| : law code that regulated the lives of the Mongol state elite, governed inter-religious interaction/relations, military organization, political affairs, the yam system, census and religious cultural rituals and taboos |
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| (1217-1265): the founder of the Ilkhanid Empire and Grnadson of Genghis Khan |
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| (1295-1304): the first Mongol ruler to convert to Islam, see with him an attempt to restore Muslim Civilization, rebuilt cities, sponsored agriculture and trade, after him Mongols converted rapidly |
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| (1226-83): wrote History of the World Conquerors, Muslim court historian under the Mongols, who is he writing for – the Mongols who are his patrons, trying to reconcile glorious depiction with Mongols in the sense that they can be seen as harmonious to Muslim history |
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| (1217-1265): Grandson of Ghengis Khan, who expanded the southwestern portion of the Mongol Empire, under him the Mongols took Baghdad and weakened Damascus |
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| (1256-1353): the Mongol regime in Iran and Anatolia |
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| : (soldier in Arabic): Mongols constituted the military class and would extend this membership to those who worked for them |
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| : (Arabic means flocks like sheep) everyone else, those who were ruled over, subject class, generated the wealth through protection that the askeri gave them |
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| (1332-1406): wrote the Muqaddimah, a universal history, a historian and jurist and statesmen, looked for a scientific way of writing history |
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| : ghaza was the tradition of raiding and ghazi were those who undertook ghaza, distinguished from jihad because it only can refer to military operations |
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| : Law books drawn up for each province under the institutionalization of the Ottoman state |
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| : the acquisition of young boys as slaves for a service in the state, would ascend to the highest offices in the ottoman state and also could serve as soldiers |
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| : refers to the forced resettlement of populations, ex the repopulation of Istanbul in 1453 |
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| (800-200 BC): development of monotheistic religions – Hellenic (Anatolia, Greece), Chinese traditions, Indic in sub-continent, Irano-Semitic |
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| Shari’a as a vehicle for communal autonomy |
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| : extended these 3 factors 1. egalitarianism 2. cosmopolitanism 3. ethical code, law as essential to Muslim society – controls trade and merchants (took the place of an authoritative state), encompassing political law |
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| : Area from the Nile to Oxus that developed distinct features. Area consisted mostly desert - landed elites did not have as much control over peasantry. Peasantry had relative advantages: bargained for position, survival unpopulated part of the world so labor was very expensive (beneficial for peasantry,)merchants enjoyed security controlled and exploited important trade routes (lots of goods were passing through), this resulted in a stable mercantile class (passed generation to generation), merchants wealth was independent of agricultural development |
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| : - egalitaraism of the Shari’a—believe relationships between people is based not on status but satisfied through contractual agreement – personal responsibility for moral order of the nature world |
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| (d. 1058): wrote the book, The Principals of Government, treated on what the actual, duties of the Caliph were: to maintain religion, to enforce judicial decisions, to protect Muslims, made a concession to the state of affairs when he said the Caliph could delegate to people who were fit: aka the sultans |
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| (1058-1111): He is associated with his critique of Sufism and rationalism, his achievement was finding a mainstream balanced Muslim life, important because it helped to create a uniform and harmonious homogenous believers, agreed with al-Mawardi that the true function of the Caliphate was its job as protector of tradition, he had a pragmatic awareness of political reality |
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| (1263 – 1325): He embodied the idea of hisba (which was that every Muslim has the duty to command the good and forbid the evil) and wrote The legitimate exercise of power which was a classical legal manual that laid out guidelines for dealing with offenses similar to those of hadd offences |
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| : means unity of God or the oneness of God – this was so absolute in Ibn Taymiyya’s belief that anything that got in the way was dangerous |
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| Muslim Naval Seige of Constantinople |
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| (674): Places the Muslims had previously conquered had well developed traditions of sailing and ship building = they learned, didn’t actually take Constantinople until 1453 |
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| (944-988): Arab Geographer – one of a few, wrote a geographical compendia and in these we find a sophisticated knowledge of the maritime world |
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| (1304-1368): Made use of widening trade networks across Eurasia, as an observer of foreign cultures: he was objective towards overall culture but judgmental when it came to things that directly contradict Islamic law |
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| (751): in modern day Kirgizstan, seems to have facilitated Islamization in this part of the world, learned the art of papermaking from Chinese prisoners – see by then end of 8th century that Baghdad had a paper mill, paper is cheaper than papyrus and contributed to expansion of the state bureaucracy |
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| (711): Arabs were exposed to a highly sophisticated agricultural society and brought back more hearty versions of wheat, rice sugar cane etc and also cotton |
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| : essentially a water wheel used to raise water in buckets up to a higher level plane for agricultural purposes |
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