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| Essay #1: Describe the contributions that scientists and engineers made to war efforts between 1935 and 1946 |
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Definition
Aviation- bombers
Radar- (1934-1939)-land and sea based radar
Manhattan Project-(1942-1946)-atomic bomb
Eniac-(1946)-first computer "turing machine," made calculation for hydrogen bomb
Enigma- Nazi developed, British cracked it, won battles |
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Term
| Describe the development of the military-industrial-university complex. |
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Definition
-coined by Eisenhower
-Science and technology, research and development
-Laboratories: Los Alamos, MIT, Groton, Canaveral
-Intelligence agencies
-chemists, physicists, engineers
-government + scientific community + government funded research |
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| What contributions did the NRL (Navy Research Laboratory) make during the Cold War? |
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Definition
-Russia launched Sputnik I in 1957 during the IGY
-U.S. developed "Satellite Techniques Branch"in 1959
-government used astronomers to hide spy satellites. the use of civilians (scientists) with military led to the further development of "Big Science" |
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Term
| Describe the development of "Creole Technologies" and technologies-in-use |
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Definition
Technologies require: funding, appropriating, developing, and using
-David Edgerton- looks at old technologies and finds they never disappear
-"if it ain't broke don't fix it"
ex: cars |
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Term
| Describe the work in genetics that helped produce new Biotech firms |
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Definition
-"turning life into an object of knowledge and power"
-Watson and Crick (1953)-double helix DNA
-what were the implications of DNA
-RNA, MRNA
-genetic engineering
-cloning
-genetic screening/ counseling
-genetic therapy/ stem cell research |
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Term
| Describe the discovery of global warming |
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Definition
-avg. temp. going up, measuring change over time
-ice core samples, sediment samples, ocean current research (identifies ice flows), varibles of interest (endangering species) ect.
-CO2= green house gases-invented in 1950s because of IGY
-Keeley (scientist) measured CO2 in Hawaii for project for IGY
-Policy Issues, Kyoto Conference, Copenhagen meeting |
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Term
| How have interpretations of geological change developed since 1900 |
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Definition
-plate tectonics
-continental drifts (theory long existed wasn't taken seriously until 1960s when plate tectonics were discovered)
-recent theory suggests underwater volcanoes cause sea to heat up, maybe enhancing global warming |
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Term
| Has science produced useful consumer goods? |
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Definition
YES:
-television-"image dissector"- first patented in 1927
-Nylon-1938
-microwave-domesticated by Percy Spencer in 1954
-Kevlar-developed by Dupont corporation-marketed in 1971
-"The Pill"- developed by Maragaret Sanger- observed in rabbits in '30s, approved by FDA and released to public in 1960 |
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Term
| What is the relationship between science and politics? |
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Definition
-Is/Ought Controversy
normative statements=is
prescriptive statements=ought
- Spencer Weart "The Discovery of Global Warming"
science = political platform
science dismissed due to political disagreement
science is not always the best solution
-Zdnek Konopasek= bridge example |
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Definition
-German Jew (1879-1955)
-theories of relativity (won Nobel Prize for)
-photon theory
-lived in and worked for United States |
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Definition
-science and technology + research and development
-David Edgerton- fix minor issues with old technology don't reinvent the wheel
-simply modify old inventions
-cars |
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Definition
-Einstein, won Nobel Prize for it
-special relativity and general relativity
-used in reference to Galilean invariance
-defines dimensions and structure for space and time |
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Definition
-Ernest Rutherford (1911)
-"planetary model"
-highly dense nucleus that contained atom's charge with circling electrons |
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Definition
-Augustinian Priest (1820s-1880s)
-observed inherited traits while breeding pea plants
-founding experiment in genetics |
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Definition
-small genus of flies, "vinegar flies"
-used in experiments for genetics and developmental biology |
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Definition
-American physicist (1860s-1950s)
-measured the electron
-won Nobel prize |
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Definition
| -New Zealand Chemist and Physicist (1870s-1930s) -discovered atoms have a positive charge and are concentrated in the nucleus |
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Definition
-Swedish Physicist (1878-1968)
-worked on radioactivity and nuclear physics |
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Definition
-when nucleus of atom is slip into many pieces
-uses nuclear reaction to create destructive force
-vast amounts of energy released from small amounts of matter |
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Definition
-government project (1942-1946)
-directed by Oppenheimer
-produced atom bomb, later used on Japanese |
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Definition
-Electro Numerical Integrator And Computer
-turing machine
-designed to calculate artillery firing tables
-first used to make calculations for hydrogen bomb |
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Definition
-many atoms with same charged nucleus are artificially joined together to create one big nucleus
-results in nuclear reaction |
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Definition
-American scientists and engineer (1901-1987)
-"father of inertial navigation"
-director of MIT Instrumentation Laboratory
-assisted in developing Apollo Guidance Computer for NASA |
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Definition
-South of San Francisco Bay area
- hub for cutting edge technology R+D |
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Definition
-Deoxyribonucleic acid
-nucleic acid containing genetic make up for all living organisms |
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Definition
-structure of DNA
-"twisted latter"
-Watson and Crick (1953) |
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Definition
-group of islands in Micronesia
-site for 20 nuclear weapons tests |
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Term
| The International Geophysical Year |
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Definition
-(1957-1958)
-Sputnik I
-Keeley's Hawaii trip, CO2
-plate tectonics
-submarine ledges
-Van Allen belts |
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Definition
-movement of Earth's continents relative to one another
-suggested in 16th century
-developed in 1912
-confirmed in 1957 with the discovery of plate tectonics |
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Definition
-revealed in 1957
-eight major and any minor
-lithosphere plates interact with asthenopshere causing movement
-explains earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain building |
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Definition
| -theory developed by Fred Hoyle, t. Gold, and H. Bondi (1948) -alternative to the Big Bang Theory -argues new matter is continuously created as the universe continues to expand |
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Definition
-theory developed by Georges Lemaitre (1927)
-explains creation of the universe 14 billion yrs ago
-relies on Einstein's theory of relativity
-argues explosion of dense matter led to the creation of the universe. objects from explosion (plants) are gradually moving away from the universe's center point |
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Definition
-concentric fields of energetically charged particles.
-held in place by Earth's magnetic field and solar winds |
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Definition
-designed by J.H. Muller (1786)
-built by Charles Babbage (1822)
-automated mechanical calculator designed to calculate polynomial functions. |
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Definition
-English mathematician and first computer scientist (1912-1954)
-designed the turing machine and computer algorithms. |
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Definition
-American mathematician (1903-1957)
-specialized in quantum mechanics
-worked on Manhattan Project |
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Term
| The Solid State Transistor |
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Definition
| -device used to amplify or switch electronic signals |
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Definition
-applied by Maragaret Sanger
-Oral contraceptive for women
-developed in 30s
-released in 60s |
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Definition
| -the scientific study of the interaction of organisms and their environment. |
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Definition
-study that determined the sequence of genetic base pairs which make up DNA
-identified and mapped 20-25,000 genes |
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Definition
-Ribonucleic acid
-long chain of nucleotide units
-nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, and phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| -a Supreme Court case filed to determine whether genetically modified microorganisms could be patented |
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Term
| John Moore v. The Regents of the University of California |
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Definition
-Supreme Court case held in California (1990) that dealt with the issues of property rights to one's own body.
-Moore was patient, doctor used Moore's DNA to make medicine, court rued Moore would get no profits |
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Definition
-engineered by Philip Leder and Timothy Stewart
-genetically modified to be susceptible to cancer
-invented at Harvard, property of DuPont |
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Term
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Definition
| -a social process that transforms a job into having the highest level of poise and integrity |
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Term
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Definition
| -the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale |
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Definition
ie: genetic counseling
-fetuses for disease
-likelihood of inheriting diseases of vulnerability |
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Definition
-the modification of genes to produce a vaccine or medication
-insulin (diabetes)-successful
-HGH (elixir of life) supposed to improve muscle mass, energy, and libido- unsuccessful, marketed anyway- bad science |
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Term
ONR
(Office of Naval Research) |
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Definition
-headquartered in Arlington, VA
-coordinates, executes, and promotes science and technology programs through schools, universities, government labratories |
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Term
NRL
(Naval Research Laboratory) |
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Definition
-located in Washington, D.C, created in 1923
-conducts scientific research for advancement and development
-current state of institution occurred in 1992 after several existing facilities were consolidated |
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Term
SDI
(strategic defense initiative) |
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Definition
-proposed by Ronald Reagan in 1983
-proposed to protect the United States from ground and space-based missiles by nuclear ballistic missiles |
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Term
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Definition
-French anthropologist
-"Coming Out as a Philosopher"
-funding should be better distributed to scientists
-gov. should pay more attention to he scientific industry |
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Term
Buckminsterfullerene
"Bucky Ball" |
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Definition
| -spherical molecules composed entirely of carbon |
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