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| One of two astronomers to observe different reaction times and advocate physiology |
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| One of two astronomers to observe different reaction times and advocate physiology |
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| Mathematical formulae used to correct for differences in reaction time among observers |
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| demonstrated that sensory nerves enter the posterior roots of the spinal cord and the motor nerves emerge from the anterior roots. Demonstrated that specific mental functions are mediated by different anatomical structures. |
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| published same results as Bell, only 11 years later |
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| -“law of forward direction”… Sensory nerves carry impulses forward from the sense receptors to the brain, and motor nerves carry impulses forward from the brain to the muscles and glands |
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expanded the Bell-Magendie law by devising the doctrine of specific nerve energies.
-believed that we are conscious of sensations, not of physical reality |
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| Stimulation to which a sense modality is maximally sensitive |
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| Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies |
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| Each sensory nerve, no matter how it is stimulated, releases an energy specific to that nerve |
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-stood up against vitalism, was very mechanistic
-past experience of the observer is what converts a sensation into a perception
-developed theory of color vision – separate receptor systems on the retina are responsive to each of the three primary colors: red, green, blue violet
- developed resonance place theory of auditory perception- the tiny fibers on the basilar membrane of the inner ear are stimulated by different frequencies of sound |
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| the process by which the remnants of past experience are added to sensations, thereby converting them into perception |
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| Principle of the Conservation of Energy |
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| the energy within a system is constant; therefore, it cannot be added to or subtracted from but only transformed from one form to another |
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-believed that when stimulated, each point on the retina automatically provides three types of info about the stimulus: height, left-right position, and depth
-developed theory of color vision (opponent processing theory) - three types of receptors on the retina but that each could respond in two ways- red-green yellow-blue black-white
red, yellow, and white cause a “tearing down” or a catabolic process. Green, blue, and black cause a building up, or an anabolic process |
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-developed a theory of color vision was based on evolutionary theory
Achromatic vision appeared first in evolution and color vision came later.
Human eye carries vestiges of its earlier evolutionary development
Most evolved part of the eye is the fovea
Color vision evolved in three stages: achromatic, then blue-yellow sensitivity, then red-green sensitivity |
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| phrenology: study of dents and bumps on skull to dry and identify brain function |
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-coined the term phrenology
- helped in education by furthering faculty psychology |
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| - said that the brain is localized but not integrated, hurt phrenology |
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| also helped end phrenology by discovering the parts of the brain responsible for motor speech production and by discovering Wernicke’s area |
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| Fritsh, Hitzig, and Ferrier |
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| -first to deliver electrodes to the brain, propagated contralateral control (left brain controls right half of body) |
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| -did work on two point thresholds and kinesthesis (or just noticeable differences), helped to quantify psychology |
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-father of psychophysics (relationship between mind and physical events)
-pan psychism: all things that are physical are also conscious, everything we experience is physical events
-improved on Weber’s work
-created a formula he thought could explain the mind body relation
-absolute threshold: the lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected
-differential threshold: how much a stimulus needs to be increased or decreased to be perceived |
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