(importance of)

It dramatically improved the quality of life, and led to the domination of Western Civilization on the rest of the world. Example: language and technology 

Born: 1473

Died: 1573

Discovered Aristarchus' theory and updated it. He knew that a book could get him killed so he waitied until he was dying to publish it, and dedicated it to the Pope

The earth spins on an axis as it revolves around the sun. Astronomers did not believe this theory because:

1. Ptolemy's was better at predicting positions  

2. It went against the Bible and Aristotle

3. It defied common sense and relative wind

Born: 90 BC

Died: 168 AD

Discovered the Geocentric theory which prevailed for 1500 years.

Born: 310 BC

Died: 230 BC

Came to the same conclusions about the planets as Copernicus, but before him. 

Born: 1564

Died: 1642 

he convinced astronomers that Copernicus was right. discovered moon has mountains and the sun has spots, dim stars in milky way, saw moons around Jupiter, and discovered that Venus has phases

Johannes Kepler

Born: 1571

Died: 1630

Improved Copernicus' theory -- assumes that the orbit of the earth is more of an oval rather than a circle.

This improvement made better predictions than Ptolemy's 

early 400s BC

 Rejected the supernatural, wrote the first published dissection, and discovered that the optic nerve connects the eyes to the brain

Born: 460 BC

Died: 370 BC

Aristotle

Born: 384 BC

Died: 322 BC

Believed that small tubes connect all sense organs directly to the heart, and the heart is the warmest organ and the  most active, and the first to develop and touching it produces a sensation, therefore the mind must be in the heart. Did an experiment with chicken eggs in which he took chicken eggs all laid on the same day and opened them at different periods to observe the stages of the embryo 

Born: 335 BC

Died: 280 BC

Known as the father of anatomy, first dissection of human cadavers, and distinguished nerves from blood vessels, the cerebrum from the cerebellum and parts of the eye

Born: 310 BC

Died: 280 BC

An apprentice of Herophiles, concluded that the size of the cerebellum determines the motor skills, and speed of running, and complex convolutions are connected to intelligence 

Born: 130 AD

Died: 200 AD

Great medical scholar, wrote over 500 books and gave a lecture on the brain in 177 AD. Studied mostly pigs, cows and monkeys. Disagreed with Erasistratus on the convolutions and intelligence, support hydraulic theory and animal spirits 

Early 400s AD: Medieval Period

Ventricular Localization Theory

Concluded:

anterior ventricle = sensation

middle ventricle = cog/intellect

posterior ventricle = memory

Medieval Period

Born: 980 BC

Died: 1037 BC

Greatest medical scientist of the middle ages, created facult psychology (phrenology), endorsed ventricular localization theory and conducted human dissections and corrected Galen's mistakes 

Born: 1472

Died: 1519

He obtained permission to dissect in order to improve his art work, he made wax castings of cow ventricles

Born: 1514

Died: 1564

Wrote the first anatomy book that had illustrations and tables, launched the scientific revolution. He performed the dissections himself, corrected 200 errors made by Galen and discovered the miracle network 

Born: 1621

DiedL 1675

Rejected ventricular localization theory, believed that the hollows parts of the brain don't matter, but the solid ones down. Wrote a detailed supposition about localization theory and hired Christopher Wren to do the illustrations 

Born: 1852

Died: 1934

Came up with the neuron theory, and discovered that the nervous system was not continuous by way of the "Golgi Stain," which allowed him to see individual brain cells were not connected, but rather spaced apart with a synapse in between.

Considered the founder of neuroscience 

Born: 1868

Died: 1918

Alois Alzheimer convinced him to specalize in neuro science, divided cortex into dinstinct regions based on how the tissue looked under a microscope (the Brodmann area), he had no idea what the function was for different areas, and the modern fMRI is now assigning meaning to those numbered areas 

Born: 1832

Died: 1920

Founder of scientific psych. Used the methods of sensory neurophysiology and the theories of British Empricism to create scientific psychology

Born: 1596

Died: 1650

Believed that some ideas we're born with, and that the soul was in the pineal gland. The British at the time were reacting against his theories, assumption of innate disease and that the contents of the mind is not innate. In terms of the scientific revolution he had of theory of psychology based on the concept of "automation" - mechanical robot: animals register stimulus, get reflex and the brain and nerves are hollow: stimulus - valves open - liquid pumped down nerves - muscle inflates - action happens (hydrualic theory).

Born: 1588

Died: 1679

Was convinced that nothing exists except matter, and had theories about how the mind works:

1. free will: there are many stimuli in the environment, and each elicits a different response, and tendencies of response compete and only one wins - choosing the response is an illusion

John Locke

Born: 1637

Died: 1704

Atomistic theory of the mind, psychological atoms are sensations and they combined to make new conscious experience but they cannot be created. Example of the ice cube, and how it is like a bond. Hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are all existing chemicals but when adding them together they make something new but they are not created. Believed that God plants ideas in our minds from birth, and that everything we know is from sensory experience 

Born: 1685

Died: 1753

Challenge materialism, can be rejected because the physical world doesn't exist, only perceptions. Metaphysics: diagreed with Locke about sensory expreience and that the sense report the existence of the physical world, however his theory cannot and has not been disproved. His theory of vision was baed on Locke's atomistic theory, we have to learn how to percieve and the baby learsn to form associations between the kinesthetic and perception. Thought experience about the blind person being learning to distinguish between a sphere and a triangle 

Born: 1874

Died: 1949

In 1899: he hatches an raises baby chicks in darkness, then puts them on pedestals and turns on the lights -- chicks shouldn't have depth perception and should fall off the pedestals, but they do.

Born: 1711

Died: 1776

Rejected the idea of cause and effect and the self. Thought cause and effect was nothing more than observed coincidences and that all we know about the self is that we have sensations -- This was the common sense psychology's rebuttal to Berkeley 

Thomas Reid

Born: 1710

Died: 1796

The Common Sense (Scottish School) - "metaphysical lunacy" - because most humans believe reality exists, it must exist, and something is wrong with Hume's logic 

Born: 1724

Died: 1804

Argued that there are things we can be certain of without experience: time, 3D space, cause/efect, reality, negation, quantity and quality, possibility and impossibility, and totality 

Born: 1646

Died: 1716

Completely rejected Locke's idea that all info comes to us from the senses, that's not possible 

Born: 1822

Died: 1911

Coined the phrase "nature vs. nurture" Was a cousin to Darwin and was interesting in the children of geniuses compared ot everyone else, so he concluded that genius is hereditary but must be combined with zeal and vigor if eminence is to be achieved. After Candolle does his study, Galton accepts his criticism and decides to send a questionnaire (1st use of questionnaire in psych) to the royal society. Discovered that hte potential for high intelligence is inhereited, but for it to be expressed it must be nurtured in the right environment

Born: 1806

Died: 1893

Did his own genetics study and found that there are many different factors for determining "genius" such as: language of science (language it was written in vs. language person spoke), abscence of the rule of religion, and the wealth of the country 

If genius is mostly inherited, then we could raise the intelligence of humans by selective breeding. Proposal to British gov:

1. Gov. should pay genuises to marry each other

2. should marry early in life to maximize the number of children

3. gov. should provide a nurturing environment

1. phylogenic level

2. reflexive vs. voluntary

3. critical period

4. prepared learning

5. genes can be turned on/off

6. environmental factors

The further down the scale the more important genetics:

mammals

reptiles

amphibians

fish

invertebrates

single-celled organisms 

Born: 1903

Died: 1989

Discovered the critical period, and did an experiment with water animals (ducks, geese, swans) to understand bonding. Concluded that these animals have a 3 hour cricial period in which the chick will bond to the 1st large, bright, slow moving object it sees 

(Dualistic Solution)

(Dualistic Solution)

(Dualistic Solution)

(Monestic solution)

Only spirit exists. Berkeley - things exist only in God's mind 

Democritus, Lucretius, and Hobbes

only matter exists and the soul is just something that the mind does 

Born: 1709

Died: 1751

Born: 1912

Died: 1954

Created a test to determine whether or not machines could think. A person sat in a room and typed a question on a keyboard, but cannot see the human or the computer in the other rooms and each had to try to convince the person that they are human

Born: 1705

Died: 1757

Borrowed ideas of Locke and Newton. Believed that the vibrations of atoms caused by a stimulus lasts longer than the stimulus itself. The stimulus eventually dies out, but with repeated stimuli it will create a permanent vibration -- memory and memory recall

Born: 1748

Died: 1832

Philosophy was based on hedenism - tried to encorporate it into political philosophy: "laws and government policies should be chosen so as to create the max amount of happiness for the max amount of people"

Born: 1773

Died: 1836

tried to encorporate ulitarianism with associationism, said take Aristotles 4 laws and add one: the law of vividness, that says if a sensation or ideas are associated with pleasure or pain it will form a stronger association than if it is neutral 

Born: 1806

Died: 1873

Born: 1776

Died: 1841

Believed that if ideas are similar or compatible, they attract one another, but if they are they repel. Ideas struggle to become conscious, as they grow they get close to the threshold until they become conscious 

Born: 1849

Died: 1936

Research on salivation of dogs. Discovered that the a dog will salivate when food is present so he trained the dog to expect food (US) to come when a bell (CS) is rung, which creates the salivation (UCR)

Born: 1561

Died: 1626

According to new approach, "evidence" and "observation" were supreme: you shouldn't just look things up in books as previously preferred, and inductive logic doesn't make theories, just lots of observations 

Bacon only accepts 1 & 2

1. make observations relevant to study

2. inductive logic is useful for making generalizations

3. tie observations together into mathematical theory

4. use deductive logic to make predictions

5. test prediction ins experiments (if falsified then start over)

Born: 1904

Died: 1990

Founder of behaviorism and most influential psychologist of all time, believed that theories are not necessary, "scientists should make lots of experiments and keep the ones that work"

Born: 1642

Died: 1727

Proposed that white light is composed of all colors, did an experiment of light coming through a window and a prism with bent light and revealed the spectrum of colors, confirming his theories. Also believed that God created all, but lets the world exist without his interference. Rejected Aristotle's final causes accepts Occams razor, keep theory that explains the notion the best and shave off the excess. Everything can be explained by 4 concepts: space, time, matter and form