Term
| The Method of Introspection |
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Definition
Observers control when the process begins
Observers must be ready or attentive
Observation must be replicable
Must be able to manipulate the stimuli |
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Term
| Wundt’s goals for his new science of Psychology |
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Definition
Analyze conscious processes into their basic elements
Discover how they are synthesized & organized
Determine the laws of connection governing their organization |
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Term
| The Elements of Conscious Experience |
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Definition
Sensations
Classified by:
Intensity
Duration
Sense Modality
Feelings
Subjective complements of sensations, but do not directly arise from sense organs. |
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Term
| Wundt suggested that all feelings can be classified under one of the following continuums: |
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Definition
Pleasure----------Neutral----------Displeasure
Tension----------Neutral----------Relaxation
Excitement----------Neutral----------Depression |
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Term
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Definition
| Emotions are compounds made of the three elemental feelings: tention/relaxtion; pleasure/displeasure; excitement/depresion |
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Term
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Definition
Process of organizing the parts into a whole by creative synthesis.
Unlike the empiricists, apperception is an active process; our consciousness actively synthesizes the elemental sensations & feelings in a creative way to make the whole image. *A whole that produces characteristics not present in the elements. |
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Term
| Criticisms of Wundtian Psychology |
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Definition
Slow progress as a science in Germany
Need to show application to real world
Introspection
His personal opinions & political stance
Competing schools of thought
Gestalt psychology (Germany)
Psychoanalysis (Austria)
Economic & Political forces post WWI |
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Term
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Definition
Restricting the subject matter to conscious experience.
Infused psychology with modern science
Wundt’s painstaking work establishing & promoting the new science.
The development of new branches of psychology needed a target. |
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Term
| Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) |
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Definition
Showed Wundt that he was wrong by experimenting on learning & memory.
On learning:
Began with the initial formation of the associations
First venture into something truly psychological.
Broadened the scope of experimental psychology
Learning & memory had never been studied experimentally before |
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Term
| Measurement (Ebbiinghaus in learning) |
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Definition
| Number of repetition it takes for one perfect recall denotes the learning task’s difficulty. |
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Term
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Definition
Unfamiliar syllables that…
are homogenous
do not have meaning
Used by Ebbinghaus to study learning and how much and quickly people would leanr them, including himself. |
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Term
| Importance of Ebbinghaus work |
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Definition
Published On Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology (1885)
-highly regarded work
-established a new field of psych |
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Term
| Importance of Ebbinghaus work |
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Definition
Published On Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology (1885)
-highly regarded work
-established a new field of psych
Cofounded Journal of Psychology and Physiology of the Sense Organs
1st successful test of the higher mental processes with a sentence completion task.
Wrote The Principle of Psychology & A Summary of Psychology |
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Term
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Definition
Ebbinghaus
Work is still studied today
Precise experimentation on Learning, a topic of importance today.
His ideas & work shift the study of learning & memory from speculation to science.
Much of his work still relevant.
Wundt
Founded “Psychology” |
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Term
| Franz Brentano (1838-1917) |
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Definition
Influenced Gestalt & Humanistic Psychologies
Believed scientific Psychology should be empirical not experimental
"Experience as an Activity" |
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Term
| Systematic Observation (beyond just experimental) |
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Definition
1.Recalling the mental process
2.Imagining the mental state and process |
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Term
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Definition
Wundt’s major rival of the time.
Two students became founders of Gestalt Psychology
Influential work was in acoustics
Psychology of Tone (1883, 1890) |
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Term
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Definition
Berlin Association for Child Psychology
Tried to reduce feelings to sensations – an idea relevant to cognitive psych. of emotions.
Worked to expand the boundaries of psychology beyond Wundt’s goals. |
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Term
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Definition
said Thought-process can be studied experimentally
how?
Systematic Experimental Introspection
Perform complex task
Report cognitive process |
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Term
| Wundt/Kulpe differences between Introspections: |
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Definition
Wundt
No detailed experiences
Objective/Quant. data
Limited role for experimenter
Simple judgments made by observers
Kulpe
Detailed report of experience
Qual. reports on process
Active role for experimenter
Observers worked harder |
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Term
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Definition
| Meaning in thought CAN occur without sensory or imaginal component. |
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Term
| Why is Wundt the Father of Psych - not Fechner? |
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Definition
Wundt
Deliberately sought to start the new science.
Fechner
Psychology was not his focus or interest. |
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Term
| Father of Psych: Wundt vs. Fechner |
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Definition
Wundt
Not necessarily orig. work
Did not originate psych.
Deliberate develop./contr.
Promoted the new science
Fechner
Important original work
Did not originate psych.
Psych. not his focus
Promoted physiology |
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Term
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Definition
The capacity to organize its content into higher-level mental processes.
Volition: the act or power of willing
Wundt was interested in the process of organizing the elements – not the elements themselves |
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Term
| Who would say "Psychology should concern itself with Immediate experience." |
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Definition
| Wundt, that fool Wundt would say that. |
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Term
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Definition
Formed by basic, immediate experiences that the mind actively organizes.
Wundt was interested in reducing the mind into the types of elements it experiences - like Chemistry’s Periodic Table. |
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Term
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Definition
| The examination of one’s own mental state. |
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Term
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Definition
| the doctrine that natural processes are mechanically determine and capable of explanation by the laws of physics and chemistry |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Who is Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847-1930)? |
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Definition
| First woman to make her way into the Experimentalist social group. (it was initially "no woman allowed") |
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Term
| Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939) |
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Definition
1st female to earn dr. in Psych.
Titchener’s 1st grad student
1st female APA president |
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Term
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Definition
1929 Experimentalist became SEP
Society of Experimentalist Psychologist
Women allowed! |
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Term
| Titchener’s view of psychology: |
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Definition
Experiencing Person
Examining conscious experience by examining the experience as dependent on the person. |
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Term
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Definition
| Confusing the mental process with the object being observed. |
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Term
| Mechanistic Approach to Introspection |
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Definition
Reagents:
Chemical substance
Humans as mechanical recording devices reacting
Introspection followed mechanical experimental approach |
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Term
| Titchener’s three goals/problems for psychology: |
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Definition
Reduce conscious processes to simplest components.
Determine the laws governing the association of the conscious elements.
Connect the elements with their physiological conditions. |
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Term
| Three elementary states of consciousness: |
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Definition
Sensations – basic elements of perception
Images – elements of ideas
Affective – elements of emotion |
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Term
| Criticisms of Introspection |
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Definition
I. Kant: introduction of an observer altered the conscious experience
A. Comte: introsp. requires consciousness to divide into a inactive observer & an active observee
H. Maudsley: rigorously trained observers are biased |
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Term
| Contributions of Structuralism |
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Definition
Conscious Experience clearly defined
Proper use of the available science to study it
Introspection still in use
Target of criticism to spark new schools of thought. |
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Term
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Definition
| All acts are caused by past events. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Breaking machines down to their basic components led scientists to the notion of reductionism.
–Understanding a concept by reducing it to its elemental parts.
–A mechanical clock
–True for the universe |
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