Term
| What key innovations first appeared with placoderms and then sharks? |
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Definition
| jaws, pelvic fins, and paired nostrils. Sharks had teeth and an advanced jaw. |
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Term
| Ray-finned vs. lobe-finned bony fish (be able to tell them apart in a figure) |
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Definition
Ray-finned: rays of bones near the body
Lobe-finned: large bones extended away from body |
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Term
| Costs and benefits of life on land for vertebrates |
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Definition
| Costs: must avoid drying out during respiration, locomotion difficult without support of water, gametes must be dispersed through air. Benefits: reduced competition and new energy sources, avoidance of aquatic predators. |
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Term
What key body systems had to change in vertebrates during the transition from
aquatic to terrestrial life? |
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Definition
| gills to lungs, fins to limbs with digits, pectoral girdle/pelvic girdle/vetebral column/ribs for gravity. |
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Term
| Which group of "fish" are most closely related to tetrapods? |
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Definition
| lungfish are closest living relative to all tetrapods. |
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Term
Acanthostega and Ichthyostega are two of the most primitive known tetrapods.
What kind of environments did they live in? How do we know? |
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Definition
| acanthostega lived in water because they had broad, flat fish-like tail, vertebrae that didn’t interlock, and small short ribs. ichthyostega lived on land because they had a more rigid spinal column and ribs were more robust and curved around underside of body. |
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Term
| What hypotheses have been offered for the invasion of land by tetrapods |
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Definition
| 1 terrestrial locomotion and air-breathing evolved to allow fish to survive desiccation of rivers and ponds during dry season 2 limbs and lungs evolved to navigate through tangled weeds in rivers and swamps with low oxygen levels, mainly for predator avoidance 3 terrestrial adaptations evolved so that ocean-dwelling fish could venture onto intertidal flats to scavenge food |
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Term
| Seven Things most living vertebrates have |
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Definition
All living vertebrates have:
Backbone: Structural support on our dorsal, or top side.
Spinal cord: A hollow nerve tube, runs on top or through #1.
Heads: Brains and sense organs at the front end.
Tails: Nerve tube & back support extends past anus.
Hearts: Closed circulatory system, muscular pump to move fluid.
"Gill" Slits: Openings in pharnyx connecting throat to exterior.
Segmented muscle on body wall: V-shaped muscle masses. |
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Term
The Invasion of Land: Plants and Insects
What problems had to be solved by plants to live on land? |
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Definition
| poor mineral nutrition, unstable landscape, unstable rainfall, & high UV |
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Term
| What did plants evolve in order to cope with the initial challenges of living on land? Name 4 |
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Definition
cuticle: waxy covering on plants
cellulose
xylem: (dead cells) that transports water from roots to leaves
phloem: (live cells) to transport nutrients leaves to rest of the plant.
stomata: a regulator of gas exchange
rhizomes: horizontal stem of plants
wood: allowed growth to great heights (5 to 10 m)
leaves: broad areas for collecting light
roots: tap nutrients from soils
seeds: More protection for gametes because they have a hard shell. A nutrient supply that allows the plant embryo to survive for months. This enabled plants to colonize upland regions, away from water sources. |
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Term
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Definition
| allows early amniotes & their descendents to lay eggs on land & away from water |
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Term
| What are the three basic types of skull structure that we use to discriminate among amniotes? Be able to tell them apart in a picture |
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Definition
anapsid: no holes
synapsid: one pair of holes
diapsid: two pairs of holes |
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Term
| Know the two general "ways" to be an herbivore. Which style fits pelycosaurs and therapsids? |
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Definition
Small and picky: Narrow snouts & Small guts
Big and indiscriminant: Broad snouts/big mouth & Huge guts |
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Term
| Where did pelycosaurs live? |
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Definition
| tropical and subtropical distribution |
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Term
| How do therapsids differ from pelycosaurs? |
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Definition
| Bigger temporal openning in Therapsids |
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Term
| Where did therapsids live? |
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Definition
| worldwide distribution, extended to high southern latitudes |
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Term
| How do therapsid dominated communities of the late Permian differ from pelycosaur-dominated communities of the early Permian? |
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Definition
| Mostly carnivores to herbivores |
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Term
| How do mass extinctions differ from background extinction? |
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Definition
background extinction is when species go extinct naturally.
mass extinctions: large numbers of species go extinct in a short amount of time |
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Term
| When were the 5 big mass extinctions? |
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Definition
| ? Ordovician/Silurian, Devonian/Carboniferous, Permian/Triassic, Triassic/Jurassic, and Cretaceous/Tertiary. |
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Term
| At the end Paleozoic, what types of organisms were dominant in marine communities? |
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Definition
| Well developed tiering, most animals lived on the seafloor (epifaunal), suspension-feeding animals (brachiopods, bryozoans, crinoids), Permian reefs constructed of mostly sponges (not corals). |
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Term
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Definition
| Levels. (There are tall plants and small bushes.) |
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Term
| What types of marine animals, and what modes of life, were most severely impacted by the end Permian extinction? What modes of life and types of organisms did better? |
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Definition
Most Marine fauna extinct, brachiopods, bryozoans, and crinoids, peat forming plants/
bivalves and snails became dominant organisms in oceans, groups with more active physiology were more likely to survive |
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Term
| What are the two main hypotheses for the end Permian extinction? |
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Definition
- Extraterrestrial: 1. Asteroid impact would throw a lot of dust into the atmosphere,
blocking sunlight (“impact winter”) 2. Diminished sunlight reduced photosynthesis
3. Extinction of phytoplankton would spread up food chain
- Toxic ocean chemistry: |
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Term
| What role do the Siberian Trap volcanoes, ocean acidification and oceanic dead zones play in the end Permian extinction? |
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Definition
? - siberian traps volcanism emitted huge volumes of co2, causing ocean acidification as the co2 dissolved in ocean waters
- global warming would slow ocean circulation, leading to anoxia
- Enhanced terrestrial runoff transported nutrients to coastline, creating expanded
oxygen minimum zone |
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Term
| What are the 7 major ecological trends in the diapsid radiation? |
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Definition
| Marine predators, semi-aquatic predators, small terrestrial predators, terrestrial legless predators, large herbivores, large terrestrial predators, winged predators |
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Term
| What is Carrier’s Constraint? |
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Definition
| : side to side flexure in reptiles prevents simultaneous walking and breathing. It can be solved by having an upright posture. |
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Term
| Know shared derived traits linking dinosaurs. (5) |
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Definition
| three or more sacral vertebrae, perforate (open) hip socket, weight on middle toe, walk on toes, ankle fused to lower leg |
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Term
| What extinct genus is the next of kin of dinosaurs? |
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Definition
| Lagosuchus is a genus of small archosaur that are the next of kin of the dinosaurs. |
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Term
When did dinosaurs first appear (in years)? Where is their likely continent of
origin? |
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Definition
| 220-232 Ma in South America ?? |
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