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History Final Part 1
history 22
26
History
10th Grade
12/12/2006

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Term
absolute monarchy
Definition
ruler with complete authority over the government and lives of the people he or she governs
Term
limited monarchy
Definition
government in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch's powers
Term
constitutional monarchy
Definition
a form of monarchical government established under a constitutional system which acknowledges an elected or hereditary monarch as head of state.
Term
democracy
Definition
government in which the people hold ruling power
Term
republic
Definition
system of government in which officials are chosen by the people
Term
rule by law
Definition
everyone is under the law
Term
natural laws
Definition
rules that govern human nature
Term
right to revolt
Definition
the right to protest against oppressive people or governments.
Term
scientific revolution
Definition
Brought a new way of thinking about teh physical universe. many new scientific discoveries including the scientific method> (1500s-1800s)
Term
enlightenment
Definition
time period when people began to challenge the old ways. More and more, they saw the need for reform to achieve a just society. (occurred during middle ages 1700s-)
Term
separation of powers
Definition
advocated by Montesquieu. State is divided into branches and each branch has separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility;along with checks.
Term
checks and balances
Definition
restraining of different branches upon each other to ensure justice.
Term
social contract
Definition
agreement by which people give up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos.
Term
philosophes
Definition
member of a group of Enlightenment thinkers who tried to apply the methods of science to the improvement of society.
Term
physiocrat
Definition
an Enlightenment thinker who searched for natural laws to explain economics
Term
Adam Smith
Definition
British economist who greatly admired the physiocrats.In his book The Wealth of the Nations he argued that the free market, the natural forces of supply and demand, should be allowed to operate and regulate business.
Term
laissez faire
Definition
allowing a business to operate with little or no government interference
Term
salons
Definition
informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophers, and others exchanged ideas. (originated in 1600s)
Term
Enlightened Despots
Definition
absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change.
Term
Glorious Revolution
Definition
the bloodless overthrow of James II by William and the Parliament
Term
Catherine the Great
Definition
enlightenment despot. used ideas from Voltaire and Diderot. mad limited reforms in law and government. intended to give up no power. Catherine's contribution to Russia was not reform but an expanded empire.
Term
Joseph II
Definition
most radical enlightenment despot. an eager student of the enlightenment. travelled in disguise to learn his subject's problems. chose talented middle-class officials rather than nobles to head departments and imposed a range of political and legal reforms. He granted religious toleration and ended censorship. abolished serfdom.
Term
Frederick the Great
Definition
enlightenment despot- King of Prussia (1740-1786) exerted extremely tight control over his subjects. Saw himself as the "first servant of the state".
tolerated religious differences. reforms were directed mainly at making the Prussian government more efficient. reorganized the civil service and simplified laws.
Term
William and Mary
Definition
last of the monarchies of Britain. Overthrew James for the sake of Protestantism.
Term
Becarria
Definition
advocated for criminal rights
Term
Voltaire
Definition
advocated for individual freedoms i.e. freedom of speech.
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