Samuel Morse

Invented the telegraph, USA, 1825

Uses morse code for telegraphs                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

Industrial Revolution

1780-1850 (18th to 19th century)

When Inventions sped up production and factories began to spring up

Produces mass quantities of product

Turn pikes increase travel and efficiency

New machines=large amount of goods=prices fall=more affordable=more consumers=further feeds the demand for goods

Time of rapid urbanization and a working middle class

(18th-19th century)

The process of taking over and consolidating land that was formerly shared by peasant farmers

Farm output rose and profits rose

Food suply increases which raises population created a landless working class that provided labor to industries

James Hargeaves, 1764 British

Improvement on the Spinning wheel was very fast

Reduces the amount of work needed to produce yarn, price of yarn falls

Industrialization and Urbanization- a concern that pervaded all forms of art and literature- the effects became more aware to the public b/c of photography and paintings

1839 photography offered artists a new medium for expression

Romanticism tended to glorify nature and deplore industrial and urban growth

Religious conviction inspired many reformers

Women assumed prominent role in charitable works= running schools, hospitals, leper colonies, insane asylums, and old aged homes and to devote their lives to home and family

-protestant women established Bible, missionary, and reform societies

Social reformers stressed education for the poor and working class

British churches organized to promote education

First 1/2 of 19th century colonialism became imperialism 

European nations shifted from direct to indirect rule and focus shifted from Caribbean to Asia and Africa and toward indirect forms of economic exploitation

There was a decline of slave trade

British religious groups established abolitionist organizations & pressuring Parliament for reforms

1807 British withdrew from slave trade and abolished slavery in 1833

Nationalism comprised many ethnic groups

-nationalists insisted all ppl defined identity was from common language, cultural traditions, religion, and to coincide w/ state boundaries

Reforming the Social Order 

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Novels of 1830-1840s portrayed individuals in the context of social life and as the audience grew, so did the public for cultural events

The Variety of Social Reform

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France schools were optional

Prussia had 75% of its children in primary schools

Britain attempts to control the costs of public welfare involved unpleasant conditions 

Abuses and Reforms Overseas

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1830 France invaded Algeria & took control in 1850, also in Tahiti

French gov't abolished slavery in 1848

1840s: Brazil, Cuba, and US reached its peak in slavery