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Definition
| Henry Clay’s three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff and a federally funded transportation network. |
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| Anglo-American Convention (1818) |
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Definition
| Signed by Britain and the United States, the pact allowed New England fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the northern border of Louisiana territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years. |
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Term
| Cohens v. Virginia (1821) |
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Definition
| Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government. |
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Term
| Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) |
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Definition
| Convention of major European powers to redraw the boundaries of continental Europe after the defeat of Napoleonic France |
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Term
| Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) |
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Definition
| Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University’s original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments. |
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Term
| Era of Good Feelings (1816-1824) |
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Definition
| Popular name for the period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Monroe’s presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery and the national bank. |
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Definition
| Established firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the federal Constitution. |
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Term
| Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onís Treaty) (1819) |
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Definition
| Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the United States, which, in exchange, abandoned its claims to Texas. |
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Definition
| Ended the War of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought America into the war. |
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| Suit over whether New York State could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that Congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce. |
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Term
| Hartford Convention (1814-1815) |
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Definition
| Convention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of Southern and Western interests in Congress and in the White House. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819. |
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Term
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Definition
| Legal doctrine which holds that the federal government can use powers not specifically granted or prohibited in the Constitution to carry out its constitutionally-mandated responsibilities |
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Term
| McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) |
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Definition
| Supreme Court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States by establishing that the State of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank. |
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Term
| Missouri Compromise (1820) |
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Definition
| Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36°30. |
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Term
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Definition
| Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets. |
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Term
| New Orleans, Battle of (January 1815) |
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Definition
| Resounding victory of American forces against the British, restoring American confidence and fueling an outpouring of nationalism. Final battle of the War of 1812. |
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Term
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Definition
| Severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the efforts of the Bank of the United States to curb overspeculation on western lands. It disproportionately affected the poorer classes, especially in the West, sowing the seeds of Jacksonian Democracy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Widely used term for the institution of American slavery in the South. Its use in the first half of the 19th century reflected a growing division between the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the South, where slavery became increasingly entrenched. |
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Term
| Rush-Bagot agreement (1817) |
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Definition
| Signed by Britain and the United States, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the U.S.-Canadian border, completed in the 1870s. |
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Term
| Russo-American Treaty (1824) |
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Definition
| Fixed the line of 54°40’ as the southernmost boundary of Russian holdings in North America. |
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Term
| Tallmadge amendment (1819) |
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Definition
| Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. Southerners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North and South. |
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Term
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Definition
| First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fought between Britain and the United States largely over the issues of trade and impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America’s willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from European powers. |
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Definition
| American naval hero of the War of 1812 who said, “. . . our country, right or wrong!” |
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Definition
| Agreement that simply stopped fighting and left most of the war issues unresolved |
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Definition
| 1817 agreement that limited American and British naval forces on the Great Lakes |
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Definition
| Gathering of antiwar delegates in New England that ended up being accused of treason |
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Definition
| Eloquent Kentucky spokesman for the American System and key architect of the Missouri Compromise in the U.S. Senate |
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Definition
| President whose personal popularity contributed to the Era of Good Feelings |
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Definition
| One of the first nationalistic American writers to achieve literary recognition in Europe |
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Definition
| Admitted one slave and one free state to the Union, and fixed the boundary between slave and free territories |
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Term
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Definition
| Aristocratic Federalist jurist whose rulings bolstered national power against the states |
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Definition
| Nationalistic secretary of state who promoted American interests against Spain and Britain |
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Definition
| British foreign secretary whose proposal for a joint British-American declaration led to the unilaterally declared Monroe Doctrine |
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Definition
| Military commander who exceeded his government’s instructions during an invasion of Spanish territory |
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Definition
| The leading voice promoting nationalism and greater federal power in the United States Senate during the 1820s |
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Term
| Russo-American Treaty of 1824 |
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Definition
| Agreement between the United States and one of the European great powers that fixed the southern boundary of that nation’s colony of Alaska. |
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Term
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Definition
| Russian ruler whose mediation proposal led to negotiations ending the War of 1812 |
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