• CHICAGO, President of Yale, 
• Defined Functionalism:We should study how the mind mediates between the external world and our own needs: 
• Emphasizes the mind-body relationship

• Tried his luck as a “gentleman scholar”.--Like Galton. 
• Published an article on the 2-pt threshold & Later retracted. 
• Did Babinski Reflex(tickling babies feet), polarization(magnet over a hypnotized person they change moods) and transfer(magnet over right hand moved to left hand and left hand when up). –flaw he told people before experiment what would happen. 
• craniometry studies—importance of suggestion. 
• “Tell me what you are looking for and I’ll tell you what you’ll find”.
•  Young daughters excelled in some Galtonian anthropometry tasks. &Binet questions the construct validity. Develops his own tasks to test daughters= The Experimental Study of Intelligence, 1903. Began program of Individual Psychology(Studied extraordinary people)-Unable to identify commonalities. 
• Binet-Simon Scale

Business Psychology. Made a guide aids in the selection of salesman.

Yerkes with IQ Army testing program.

Craniometry studies: Head size correlated with intelligence?.

“Confirmed” both with gender studies and anthropological examinations.

• Among England’s most respected psychologists: Strong hereditarian,
•  Editor of Journal of Statistical Psychology, 
• 1st pychologist Knighted by British royalty,
•  Conducted several large-scale twin studies, Twins reared apart (n = 21, 30, 53 pairs), Found IQs correlated, r = .771. 
• London Sunday Times accused Burt of fabricating data, 1976--Statistics just too similar across studies--Co-authors didn’t seem to exist--Articles by other authors were created too--Published in his journal--Recently, new questions add new twist. Either a math error or fraud. His grad students think the authors exist.

• female Student of James in 1890(one-on-one learning same year he published principles), But not without overcoming barriers(attending class but women NOT allowed), 
• Student of Munsterberg in 1892, 
• Completes all the work necessary for PhD(Harvard wouldn’t give it to her), 
• Invents paired-associate technique..Color-Number Paired Associates- 47:green.…non-sense pairs: house:shoe – lamp:apple , 
• Long career at Wellesley(women’s college), First female president of APA 

CHICAGO.

• Interested in animal psychology. How do animals learn to adapt?Do animals have a consciousness?.
• Developed numerous rat mazes and clever ways to standardize them. 
• His functionalism emphasized motivation Blends right in to Behaviorism

• COLUMBIA. (recruited others to Columbia). First American PhD at Leipzig under Wundt, 1886. Professor at Pennsylvania, then Columbia. 
• Like Galton, a compulsive measurer: Measurements while a student. Mental Tests and Measurements, Mind (1890)-article in the journal Mind about “mental test”. 
• First use of term “mental tests”—his dad gives him $1000 for not doing drugs- tests on himself. Creates a “Freshmen test”-test if you got into Columbia then measured your reaction time, head size, and other... Correlations ~1902 show r near zero between freshman test and GPA 4 years later. Psychological Review, 1894.

Publisher(printing founding journals), Promoter and Psychologist.

• Co-founded with James Baldwin- Science, 1895. Publishes important translation on X-rays. Becomes journal of the AAAS(American association of the advancement of science), 1900. 
• Psychology Corporation- BECK depression scale- owns scales today. Renamed Harcourt Assessment, 2003. 
• (Fired from Columbia in 1917 for speaking out against war).

• Henslow is inspiration takes all of his classes. Nickname “Henslow’s shadow”. 
• Went on 2 year trip – 4 year trip. Shoreline of south Africa on HMS beagle even though captain Fitzroy says he doesn’t doesn’t have sear worthy nose- this causes him to be on shore lots to collect samples. 
• Sends over 1500 specimens back to Henslow who was getting work published under darwin’s name.
•  Catastrophism v uniformitarianism. 
• Famous for Galapogos islands – difference between animals(ex bird beaks). Thinks about homeing pigeon breeders in london-& Malthus theory of running out of food. Then comes up with Natural Selection. 
• “Origin of Species” 490 pages and rapidly sells out. 
• Very data-driven. Evolution puts humans and animals on same continuum. Individual differences become interesting across animals? And this leads to big consequences for psychology.

CHICAGO.

• “Thinking begins when a desire is thwarted & ceases when the desire is fulfilled” – 
• founded functionalism. 
• Psychological Review, 1896- Marks founding of 
• Functionalism & Enormously influential.. 
• Emphasizes the context in which we exist (e.g., the scholar vs the sentry: both hear stimulus- scholar thinks someone dropped book while sentry- thinks call to duty and grabs gun)- We learn the functions of our environment. 
• Reflexes create circuits(stimulus creates different response), are not discrete- article is about why we should NOT use reflex arc concept because it doesn’t take situation into account.

• Inspired by a phrenologist he explores parts of southern Africa. Tropical South Africa, 1853. 
• Supports early explorations of the Nile Develops knack for measuring things - Beauty, barometric pressure, height, intelligence. 
• Publishes book called Hereditary Genius (Nature side of Nature v Nurture). 
• Proposes that “eminence”{intelligence} is inherited & normally distributed. In general population, 1:4,000. Close relatives, 1:10. English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture. 
• Pioneers self-questionnaire. Collects data from 192 eminent scientists, Popularizes use of “Nature/Nurture” phrase. 
• Pioneers the Twin study- examines >100 pairs(nature same nurture different). He forgot to ask if they were identical or fraternal and concluded that similar results were identical and un-similar results were fraternal. Pioneered Eugenics. 
• Did Anthropometric Testing -Measured head circumference, reaction times, acuity, discrimination thresholds, etc. prayer/fingerprints/word association

• Work productivity and at Berkely made “the psychology of management”. 
• Efficiency principles. Wrote books on ways to eliminate fatigue and time and motion study. 
• Published without indentifying gender. Pioneer in field of ergonomics- study of how things can be made efficient for human use.

• The Vineland School for feeble-minded children, New Jersey. Translated Binet’s 1908 test. Found it very useful for identifying the feebleminded: Idiots, imbeciles, and morons.
•  Became advocate of eugenic sterilization…can not allow feeblemidded to have kids. 
• Helped identify feebleminded immigrants at Ellis Island. Human Efficiency and Levels of Intelligence, 1920. Average white male has intelligence of a 13 year old- Black males “much lower”Can a democracy succeed with this many morons? Jobs should have assigned IQ prerequisites. 
• Goddard also founded Enrichment programs. Although he was pessimistic about morons he did work to enhance education of the gifted

• wanted a job as a psych prof and it didn’t exist yet. Earns PhD under James. 
• Establishes 1st American Psych lab at John’s Hopkins.
• One of the Founders of APA in 1892. 
• Wrote American Journal of Psychology and President of Clark University. 
• Developmental Psychology – contents of children’s minds upon entering school. Half 19th century PhDs in psych trained by Hall. 
• The Clark Conference.
•  Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny–growth from single cell to human- is a reenactment of evolution of species. Hall extrapolates this theory to the domains of religion and developmental psychology.

caffeine research for Coco-Cola.

Amount of caffeine in drink not enough to have an effect. This gave him enough money to attend school and he went into applied psychology. But called himself a “psychologist”.

• teaches physiology at Harvard. Physiology classes take on psychology topics. 
• Offers first psychology course in 1875. 
• Begins writing Principles in 1878. Completes it 12 years later1890! 
• The Stream of Consciousness –  Functional. 4 types : Dynamic (everchanging) Continuous (doesn’t stop, can’t take a part without destroying it(ex sample water not same as stream), Personal (whats on your mind is always changing-never same) Selective (describing consciousness). 
• James-Lange Theory of Emotion.

prof at Yale. 2nd president of the APA.

Textbook writer and Book--Elements physiological psychology.

Introduced Wundtian lab psych in English.

• Christine Ladd-Franklin – studied at Johns Hopkins without them allowing women students at the time.
• Interested in visual perception. Her paper on Binocular vision appeared in the first issue of the American Journal of Psychology.
•  Outspoken about lack of professional opportunities for women--- presented a paper at Titchener’s Experimentalist’s meeting

Raised in Kirksville-Graduate of Truman (then Normal School).

Director of the Eugenics Records Office, 1910 - 1940.

Assisted many states in authoring their sterilization laws. Received an honorary degree from University of Heidelberg for his eugenics work.

Predicted that the power of population is greater than power of earth.

(food growth v. Population growth. Recommends no further push for medicine and slums stay dirty.

law of parsimony!

• Comparative psych. 
• Lloyd Morgan’s canon= explanations for animal behavior should be in simplest terms possible.—first hand- lower in the psychological scale- 
• Influenced Thorndike’s puzzle boxes.

learned from Galton.

Developed the correlation coefficient.

Pearson’s rho.

Wrote a biography of Galton

Falsification studies revealed experimenter bias.

Hans was reading nonverbal cues from audience.

founder of comparative psychology.

He published article on animal intelligence.

His writings got lots of criticism for anthropomorphism(giving human faculties to non human entities)(emotions to animals)

Determines there is a General intelligence: “G”

very men biased mathematical minded people.

With 4 Subtypes: Spatial, Logical, Arithmetic, Mechanical

Develops the Intelligence Quotient (IQ)-

mental age/physical age*100=%. .

Overcomes problem with the 2-year rule- say kid is retarded if behind by 2 years(doesn’t work at age 12)…Creates its own problems

1st black American to get PhD in Psych.

Student of G. Hall @ Clark- hall’s last grad student.

Teaches at schools and writes on school segregations – appears to favor and now controversial. Influenced Clark who is major player in Brown v. Board of Ed debate.

Revised the Binet-Simon scale--“Americanized” it: The Stanford-Binet Test

------was first test to produce an IQ score.

Second edition developed in 1937 (2 versions allowed for reliability checking)

Began a study of gifted children (One of the longest longitudinal studies ever…)=”Termites”. Identified 661 3rd-8th graders with IQs above 140.

COLUMBIA. Read Principles to qualify for a prize. Won the prize, moved to Harvard to study under James, 1896.

Attempted research on “mind reading”-

Switched to learning in chickens because Harvard told him he could no longer study children “mind readers”.

Recruited to Columbia by Cattell. Creates some Trial & Error boxes…trick box- food outside.

From this developed Law of Effect.

Foundation of Instrumental or Operant conditioning, Intelligence testing. – student dissertation published. Intelligence testing.

Developed CAVD – completion task, arithmetic, Vocab, Directions.

Nature perspective of Intelligence (inherited).

Dictionary for Kids and word frequency lists.

Transfer of Training.

Founder of APA.

Earns PhD under Wundt. Structuralism.

Aided in making psychology look scientific.

Experimental Psychology - Served as standard text for nearly 30 years.

Barred women from “The Experimentalists”--Society of Experimental Psychologists yet, Frequently admitted females as graduate students.

Evolution through natural selection(from Amazon river).

Presents paper at same time as Darwin in 1858. Less data driven than Darwin

Attended Vassar, Columbia, then Cornell.

1st woman granted PhD in psychology.

How imagery affects tactile distance perception (2 point threshold and how far apart they were. Depth perception).

Professor at Vassar-Studied animal consciousness, comparative psyc .Elected president of APA in 1922

COLUMBIA. Transfer of Training

 Doctrine of Formal Discipline(this is used to improve the mind by transfer of training to real life): Liberal Arts vs Elective system—choose major and classes.

Studied imageless thoughts with Kulpe.

Dynamic Psychology (aka “Motivology”). S-O-R (add organism),

primary vs secondary drives(primary are things your body needs to survive (food) and secondary are things you learn to value(money)).

New- Experimental Psychology, 1938 (aka “The Bible”) –he wrote and gave us new terms- IV/DV, correlation warning.

Year APA was Founded – by Hall, James, Cattell, Titchener, Munsterberg.

Also famous because this is the year 3 Big Psychologists came to the USA. Hugo Münsterberg to Harvard. Edward B Titchener to Cornell.

Measured head circumference, reaction times, acuity, discrimination thresholds, etc - Galtonian anthropometry tasks.

Cattell’s later correlations between anthropometrics and intelligence: r=-.02.

IQ tests for Army placement.

Designed to be given in mass quanities quickly. However they won the war and didn’t use them for placement but still got credit for making them.

Alpha for English speaking and Beta for non-english speaking persons.

SAT developed based on Army Alpha.

Théodore Simon joins Binet. Task: Develop a test to identify “mentally subnormal children”.

Discovered the utility of AGE as a reference.

Many “subnormal” children are merely a few years behind in their ability.

 Release their first scale in 1905… 30 Questions. Tasks at each age level: 80% success rate.

Sample questions (age): 2) Unwrap and eat piece of candy. 5) Difference between Fly & Butterfly. 11) Reverse hands of clock at 6:20. adopted in at least 12 countries

catastophism- earth’s layout caused by catastrophes by God.

And Uniformitariamism- landscape created over a long period of time – slow change(evidence for this found by Darwin-which is bad because it goes against Church).

Brocca head size correlated with intelligence? Found to be true.

Then Binet studied it and found to be due to the power of suggestion.

Pioneered/termed by Galton to “improve” humans.

Galton’s difficulty: Identifying superiority during prime reproductive years (18-25)….

.Goddard became advocate.(convinced by Kallikaks). Laws “[We recommend that] defective classes be eliminated from the human stock through sterilization”- Eugenics Section of the American Breeders Association, 1914.

First law was passed in Indiana, 1907. By 1930s, 30 states had similar laws. Around 65,000 Americans sterilized.

When Hitler adopted such a policy in 1933 Germany was praised by Americans: “a milestone…comparable in importance to the state’s legal control of marriage”.

Harry Laughlin was Director of the Eugenics Records Office and assisted many states in their laws.

System of psychology primarily interested in identifying the purposes of the mind, How does the mind help us survive?

Thinking begins when a desire is thwarted & ceases when the desire is fulfilled - Dewey.

In contrast with Structuralism- What are the elements of the mind?

Psychological Review, 1896- founded by Dewey – Defined by Angle… disappearance not a failure at all, because It evolves into the numerous subdisciplines seen today: Developmental, Abnormal, Personality …

General intelligence: “G”.

With 4 Subtypes: Spatial, Logical, Arithmetic, Mechanical.

Determined by Charles Spearman.

Very men biased.

Galton publishes this in 1869.

Proposes that “eminence” is inherited & normally distributed. In general population, 1:4,000 Close relatives, 1:10. Even subtypes of eminence seem to be inherited. Music, politics, science

Terms coined by Goddard. (Idiot Imbecile and moron) as being 1,2, or 3 deviations away from the mean.

Binet introduced the term retard for “subnormal” children are merely a few years behind in their ability.

Thorndike’s Trial and Error Boxes.

Developed the Law of Effect: Behaviors that are rewarded are repeated.

Titchener’s Structuralism.

Introspection was only acceptable tool. Because it used basic stimuli (color or ticking sound) – people would then reflect back on what happened in mind. It is difficult because your mind is set up to say apple(when see an apple) based on experience and knowledge.

He thought people had to be highly trained to do Introspection and other’s couldn’t repeat his experiments.

Developed by Stern. Intelligence Quotient. mental age/physical age*100=%.

Goddard thought jobs should have IQ prerequisites.

Goddard first translated it to english and Terman “Americanized” it and turned it into the Stanford-Binet Test was the first to make an IQ score.

The “Termites” have high IQ’s.

Yerkes and dream team made army IQ test in ~ 2 months.

Burt’s IQ twin studies may have been fraud.

Thorndike Developed the Law of Effect.

Behaviors that are rewarded are repeated. Those that aren’t rewarded, aren’t repeated.

Thorndike’s principle that learned connections between the stimuli and responses were strengthened with additional practice.

Practice makes perfect. (close to Transfer of Training).

Principle of parsimony stating that the best explanation for some phenomenon was the one with the fewest assumptions.

Morgan argued that no need to propose mental capabilities beyond the level needed for survival.

Münsterberg. Book about Forensic Psychology.

It Studied eyewitness (in)accuracy. Studied effects of interrogation, hypnosis(you can get anyone to confess even if they didn’t do it.

Examined detection of lies. Uses details of the crime in a word association task and measures reaction times.

Paired-associate ??? invented it. She paired colors with numbers.

And Lamp: apple horse: shoe. Easier than nonsense syllables.

book by Münsterberg started it.

Did job simulators. Studied: Employee Selection, Worker Efficiency, Advertising

stimulus leads to response.

Dewey rejected arc. And made circuit. He said Emphasizes the context in which we exist. Reflexes create circuits, are not discrete.

Herbert Spencer “survival of the fittest” as a mechanism for progressive individuation.

Led to theory of Social Darwinism.

Social Darwinism is that evolutionary forces are natural and inevitable and that any attempt to disrupt them (ex creating programs for the poor) was misguided and doomed to failure.

Titchner

The first goal of psychology is to identify the fundamental elements of the mind.

The second goal will be to determine how they combine with each other.

Themes similar to the pneumatic philosophy of the empiricists & associationists ).

Structuralism’s failure is ironic and paradoxical. Rigorous experimentalism destined to fail. Ignored James’ observations of the stream (Used cadavers to study the meaning of life).

Lewis Terman Identified 661 3rd-8th graders with IQs above 140 (avg. 151) with About 50/50 gender balance.

Studied them throughout their lives:

7-8x more likely to graduate college, 1/3 women & ½ men earned graduate degree, 42% of women held full-time jobs (~1950).

Suggested that intelligence helped throughout life.

Terman drew from it that Intelligence was inherited.

Titchener’s group: Society of Experimental Psychologists.

He barred women from joining even though women could go to grad school.

Thorndike and Woodworth.

The effect of learning in one situation on learning in 2nd situation.