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| refers to the techniques and principles employed in historical research. |
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| 3 Data problems in history |
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Lost or suppressed data
Data distorted in translation
Self-serving data |
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| 3 Contextual forces in psychology |
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Definition
Economic opportunity
War
Prejudice and Discrimination |
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| The intellectual and cultural climate or spirit of the times. |
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| Two ways to view the historical development of scientific psychology: |
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Personalistic-
Naturalistic- |
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| Progress and change are attirbutable directly to the will and charisma unique individuals who alone redirect the course of history. |
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| Progress and change are attirbutable directly to the will and charisma unique individuals who alone redirect the course of history. |
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| the times make the person |
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| the times make the person |
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| A group of psychologists who become associated ideologically, and sometimes geographically with the leader of a movement. |
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| model or pattern-an accepted way of thinking within a scientific discipline that provides essential questions and answers. |
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| the stage in the development of a science when it is still divided into schools of thought. |
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Psychology may be more fragmented today than at any time in its history.
True or False? |
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the image of the universe as a great machine
all natural processes are mechanically determined and are capable of being explained by the laws of physics and chemistry |
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| Galileo's theory on matter |
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Definition
| Matter was made up of discrete corpuscles or atoms that affected one another by direct contact |
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| Galileo's theory on matter |
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| Matter was made up of discrete corpuscles or atoms that affected one another by direct contact |
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| Newton's theory on matter |
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Definition
| Movement was communicated not by actual physical contact but by forces that acted to attract and repel the atoms. |
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| In this zeigeist, the universe was seen to have been designed by God and all things, under laws of measurement and matter, should be predictable. |
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"Mother of Machines" (bonus, labeled by who?)
This invention made a great impact on the mechanistic period. |
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Clock
bonus, Daniel Boorstin |
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| the belief that every act is determined or caused by past events. |
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understanding one level by reducing it to terms of another level...
such as reducing complex ideas to simple ideas. |
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| mechanical contraptions built to imitate human movement and action |
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Julien de La Mettrie had a dream:
about what?
did it matter in his time?
how did he die? |
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Definition
dream persuaded him that people were machines like a watch that wound its own springs
notion was driving force in zeitgeist of times.
overdose of truffles and pheasant |
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Charles Babbage
what did he invent?
Why is it important? |
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Definition
Developed first calculator
Brought birth to the first thought of artificial intelligence. |
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Definition
| the prusuit of knowledge through observation and experimentation |
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| "He lives well who is well hidden" is the motto of this man, who lived in 13 towns, 2 dozen houses and kept his address secret to all but close friends. |
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| "He lives well who is well hidden" is the motto of this man, who lived in 13 towns, 2 dozen houses and kept his address secret to all but close friends. |
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Who died tutoring Queen Christina of Sweden.
Why did he die?
What happened to his body? |
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Definition
Descartes
poor living conditions: cold and early morning wake up.
head and finger chopped off and scattered. |
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| Descartes most important work for the development of modern psychology was his attempt to resolve this problem: |
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Definition
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| the question of the distinction between mental and physical qualities. |
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| dualistic position on mind-body problem: |
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| the mind (the soul or spirit) and the body had different natures. |
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| Descartes view of the mind/body interaction: |
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Definition
mutual interaction
mind is unitary and must interact w/ body at a single point.(conarium or pineal body was chosen to be this location) |
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| according to Descartes the mind has one function. this funciton is: |
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| a movement not supervised or determined by a conscious will to move. |
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reflex action theory:
what is it:
whos is it: |
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the idea that an external object(a stimulus) brings about an involuntary response.
Rene Descartes |
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| Descarte states that the mind produces 2 kinds of ideas, what are they? |
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Derived ideas- from the direct application of an external stimulus
Innate ideas- not produced by objects but instead out of the mind or consciousness. |
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1. mechanistic conception of the body
2. the theory of reflex action
3. the mind-body interaciton
4. the localization of mental functions in the brain
5. the doctrine of innate ideas |
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Franz Gall
Johann Spurzheim |
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Definition
| phrenologists that studied the shape of the skull and bumps on the ehadto determine whether these physical attributes were linked to criminal behavior. |
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Claimed that some people behave abnormally even without being mentally ill.
Coined the phrase "manie sans delire" |
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| manie sans delire. what does it mean, who quoted it? |
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| Denotes what today is referred to as psychopathic personality |
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studied cadavers of prisoners
held that born criminals have atavistic anomalies
brought criminal anthropology to US
biological determinism |
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Definition
| they were physically throwbacks to more primitive times when people were savages |
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| Who believed that direct heredity is the 2nd primary cause of crime? |
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| coined to reflect the assumed link among physical and mental traits, the social environment and behavior |
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| developing the field of sociology to scientifically study the major social changes that were taking place in 19th century. |
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| 2 important sociologists and their contributions to sociology |
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Definition
Quetelet-instigated the use of data and statistics in performing criminological research.
Durkheim-defined crime as a normal and necessary social event |
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| cartographic school of criminology. what is it? whos started it? |
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Definition
taught about social statistics
Quetelet and Andre Michel Guerry |
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| Paid to study data in France. Found that crime rates greatest in summer southa bout heterogeneous populations and among poor and uneducated. |
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Definition
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| Durkheim-3 points in vision of social positivism |
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1.Crime is part of human nature-exists in poverty and prosperity
2. the inevitability of crime is linked to the differences w/in society
3.Crime can be useful and even healty for society on occasion. |
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| Who held that crime paves the way for social change and means that the social structure is not rigid or inflexible. (universalconformity-stifles creativity/independent thinking |
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norm and role confusion
helps describe the chaos and disarray accompanying the loss of traditional values in modern society. |
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| Durkheim's research supports anomic societies maintain high suicide rates. True or False |
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| pioneered research on social ecology |
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| social forces operating in urban areas create criminal interactions |
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Conmmunist Manifesto
character of every civilization is determined by its mode of production |
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| criminals are rational and use available information to decide if crime is a worthwhile undertaking. |
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| holds that choice to commit crime is structured by the fear of punishment. |
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| Contemporary social ecological theory |
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| holds that those at teh bottom of the social structure cannot achieve success and thus experience anomie, strain, faliure and frustration |
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