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| Invented the process of purifying iron ore into steel |
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-With Robespierre, led the Committee of Public Safety
-He did not like the old regime and tried to make France a republic |
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-a physiocrat who believed in laissez-faire
-believed people should have fewer children to contro; the population |
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- chose Jaques Necker as a financial advisor in order to fix the financial problem
-Necker proposed that the king tax the first and second estates, and the king fired him
-he ended up calling the estates general |
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-led the reign of terror
-led the committee of public safety with Danton |
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| thought the utopian's ideas and ideals were unrealistic and formed communism |
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-became first consul after the Reign of Terror
-became emperor by plebiscite
-basically took over all of Europe
-finally, he was defeated by Wellington and Blucher in teh battle of Waterloo
-exiled to Elba, escaped, and then sent to St. Helena, where he died |
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-worried that the war would only involve New England, Adams requested that George Wshington, a southerner, be the general
-after the war, was sent to work on a peace treaty with Britain |
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| a high-ranked military official, Dreyfus was expelled from the army and exiled because of anti-Semitism, as he was the first Jew to have such an important position in French civilization |
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| Union general in Civil War. Became President. Scandals: surplusses stolen, Sec. of War accepting bribes, Grant accepting bribes. |
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| Officers under Grant who carried out scorched earth tactic. |
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| Confederate general. Surrendered in Virginia. |
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| Comodore in the US Navy who opened Japan to the West. |
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| member of the warrior class in the Japanese feudal society |
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| in Japanese feudal society, supreme military commander who held more power than the emperor |
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| One of the many urging the king and his family to escape from humiliation. She was the wife of Louis XVI |
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-inherited a steel making business from his father
-bought up coal and iron mines as well as ore-shipping lines that fed the steel business |
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| People who wanted to abolish all government |
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| an impressionist painter who brushed strokes of color side by side without any blending |
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-A landowning noble first serving Prussia as a diplomat and then as a chancellor
-He united German states under the Prussian rule and hoped to bring more power to the Hohenzollerns, to where his real loyalty belonged
-He strengthened the Prussian Army and led them through three wars
-These wars increased power and paved the way for German unity
-As chancellor, Bismarck used many techniques to unify Germany
-One of these was his use of Realpolitiks by focusing on the needs of the state
-He formed an alliance with Austria and annexed several more states that are German.
-Bismarck was known as the Iron Chancellor of the new German Empire
-Even though he made alliances with Austria and Russia, he sought to erase loyalties and crush all opposition to the imperial state
-He disliked the Catholic Church and socialists
-Both his plans to stop these groups backfired
-Bismarck’s “battle for civilization”, in which his goal was to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above their loyalty to the Church and priest, was known as Kulturkampf
-Bismarck’s methods of social reform were not justified for a few reasons
- Most liberals expressed nationalism towards the countries they lived in
-Bismarck; however, showed primary loyalty towards the Hohenzollerns
-So, campaigning against Catholics and socialists who showed more loyalty towards their own religions than to Germany was very hypocritical of him
-In his mind, Catholics had more loyalty to their church and priest than to the German state
-He passed many laws restricting many practices of the Catholic religion. He also felt a disloyalty from the socialists and passed laws against them too |
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-Founded Young Italy group to constitute Italy
-made sense not only because of geography, but also because of a common language and history
-it would end trade barriers among the Italian states and stimulate industry |
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-A nationalist having the same goals of Mazzini and Cavour
-His force was 1,000 red-shirted volunteers
-He annexed Sicily and Naples with them |
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-The Prime Minister for Emmanuel II
-He was a monarchist who believed in Realpolitik
-His goal was to unify Italy
-Cavour aided Garibaldi for an Italian republic
-He created a new constitution with a legislature
-Even though he died before he could finish his goal, his successors and Garibaldi did |
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-William I was the Prussian king
-Bismarck rewrote a meeting between William I and the French ambassador
-He made it seem like William I had insulted the French, which led to Napoleon III declaring war on Prussia |
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-William II was William I's successor
-asked Bismarck to resign because he was afraid he would become too powerful
-resisted efforts to introduce democratic reforms
-government provided social welfare programs to help certain groups of people |
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-discovered how antiseptics prevented infection
-insisted that surgeons wash their hands before operating and sterilize their instruments
-use of antiseptics drastically reduced deaths from infection |
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-emperor of France
-French hoped he would restore the glory days of Napoleon Bonaparte
-ruled at a time of rapid economic growth
-Prussian victory over Austria worried him because of the growing rivalry between his country and Prussia
-This led to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870
-he did little to avoid war, hoping to mask problems at home with military glory
-declared war on Prussia when Bismarck set up William I, but surrendered, seeing that the Prussians could easily crush the French army
-this war leads to the fall of Napoleon II and the founding of a new French republic |
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-Thought that the Utopians' ideas were unrealistic, and formed communism
*form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as unavoidable |
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-Alfred Dreyfus was accused of spying for the Germans; he was kicked out of the army and was given a lifetime jail sentence
-Evidence was found that he did not commit the crime and his honor was restored
-This is one of the first prominant anti-semetic acts seen in France |
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-Confederate general in the Civil War
-Hard to beat and didn't retreat
-> sucessful general |
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invented the dynamo
-> first engine that creates energy |
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chemist who invented dynamite
-> created peace prize because he felt so bad about killind many people |
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