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| fortified hill; where temple of local deity stood |
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public square; served as the political center of the polis |
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those who took part in government; gathered in agora to carry out public affairs, chose their officials, and pass their laws |
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| What rights and responsibilites did Citizens have? |
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They could vote, hold public office, own property, and speak for themselves in court.
In return, the polis expected them to serve the government and defend the polis in times of war. |
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| Who were not considered to be "Citizens"? |
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Slaves and those who were foreign-born were excluded from citizenship.
Men who did not own land (before 500 B.C.) and women had no political or legal rights. |
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| How did colonies operate? |
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Each colony kept close ties with its metropolis, or "parent city." Colonies supplied their metropolis with grain (wheat and barley). Farmers produced wine, olive oil, and other cash crops for export. With more goods to sell, Greeks traded throughout Mediterranean region. |
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| What drove Greece's economy? |
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City states replaced barter system with a money economy; city-states developed their own coins.
The textile industry grew and pottery developed. Overall, economy grew better and bigger. |
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nobles who were members of the upper class |
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| How did political life change over time? |
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First, kings ruled. Then, kings lost power to wealthy aristocrats or nobles who provided cavalry for the king's military ventures. Later, there was conflict between the aristocrats and the common people. Farmers needed loans from aristocrats until harvest time, and if they could not repay their loans, farmers lost their land, had to become laborers for the aristocrats, or sell themselves into slavery. Farmers demanded political reform. |
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| How did farmers gain political change? |
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Farmers were very valuable because they were foot soldiers (phalanx) in the army; they were more valuable than the arsitocrats who were calvalry. Aristocrats lost influence and the middle class merchants and artisans sided with the farmers in their demands. Tyrannies arose and there was much unrest between groups for many years. |
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rows of foot soldiers who used their shields to form a wall in battle |
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when one man seizes power and rules the polis single-handedly |
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when a few wealthy people hold the power; Sparta is an example of an oligarchy |
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government by the people; power lies in the hands of all citizens; Athens is an example of a democracy |
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