Term
-Austria and germany relied on loans and investment capital to finance reparation payments to France and England
-the french and british government depended on those reparation payments to pay off loans taken out in the united states during he great war
-improvements in industrial processes reduced worldwide demand for certain raw materials, which had devastating consequences for export-dependent areas |
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Definition
| economic problems after WWI |
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Term
-after the great war people in the united states to invest their earning and savings in speculative and risky financial ventures, particularly in stocks
-stock prices were overvalued prompted investors to pull out of the market
-a wave of panic selling on the new york stock exchange caused stock prices to plummet
-eleven financiers had committed suicide |
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Term
| when businesses realized that shrinking consumer demand meant they could not sell their inventories, they responded with |
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Definition
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Term
| the depression also spread to primary producing economics in |
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Definition
| Latin America, Africa, and Asia |
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Term
| hardest hit were countries that depend on the export of a few primary products such as |
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Definition
| coffee, sugar, minerals, ores, and rubber |
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Term
| imposing tariff barriers, import quotas, and import prohibitions |
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Definition
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| raised duties on most manufactured products to prohibitive levels |
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-influential economist of the twentieth century
-wrote the general theory of employment, interests, and money
-argued that the fundamental cause of the depression was not excessive supply but inadequate demand
-argued government to stimulate the economy by increasing the money supply, thereby, lowering interests rates and encouraging investment |
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Definition
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| his theories did not become influential with policymakers until after WWII |
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-made by Franklin Delano Roosevelt
-included legislation designed to prevent the collapse of the banking system, to provide jobs and farm subsidies, to guarantee minimum wages and to provide social security in old age
-the federal government was justified in protecting the social and economic welfare of the people, represented a major shift in U.S. Government policy and started a trend toward reform legislation that continued long after the depression years |
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| the russian communist party use to be called |
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Definition
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Term
| anticommunists were called |
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Definition
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Term
| supported the anticommunists and sent them troops, and supplies |
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Definition
| britain, france, japan, and the united states |
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Term
-temporarily resorted the market economy and some private enterprise in russia
-large industries and banks remained under state control,but he government returned small-scale industries to private ownership
-the government also allowed peasants to sell their surpluses at free market prices
-included |
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Term
-aimed at nothing less than transforming the soviet union from a predominantly agricultural country to a leading industrial power
-sets targets for increased productivity in all spheres of the economy but emphasized heavy industry at the expense of consumer goods |
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Definition
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Term
| Stalin would tell his people |
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Definition
| We are 50 to 100 years behind the advanced countries. Either we do it, or we shall go under |
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Term
-integral to the drive for industrialization was the collectivization of agriculture
-stalin viewed this as a means of increasing the efficiency of agricultural production and ensuring that industrial workers would be fed
-peasants didn't agree and slaughtered their live stock
-millions of farmers left their land and migrated to cities in search of work
-those who stayed behind were unable to meet quotas and starved to death |
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Definition
| collectivization of agriculture |
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Term
| relatively wealthy peasants who had risen to prosperity during the NEP |
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Definition
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Term
-stalin purged two-thirds of the delegates from the communist party
-eight million soviet citizens faced long-term suffering in labor camps, and three million were dead as a result of the "cleansing" |
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Definition
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Term
-the guiding force behind italian fascism
-former socialist who turned to a political program that emphasized virulent nationalism, demanded repression of socialists, and called for a strong political leader
-he established the fasci italiani di combattimento |
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Definition
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Term
| newly found public support resulted from the effective use of violence against socialists by fascist armed squads known as |
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Term
| mussolini rule italy s it's leader otherwise known as |
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Definition
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Term
| were racism and anti-semitism prominent components of italian fascism? |
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Definition
| No, not until italy joined nazi germany in the axis powers |
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Term
-became the chairman of the party now known as the national socialist german worker's party
-he made its first appearance in 1923 when party members attempted to overthrow the democratic Wiemar republic
-when he emerged from prison in 1924, he resolved to gain power legally through the ballot box and once successful to discard the very instrument of his success |
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Definition
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Term
| hitler attracted disillusioned people many of whom blamed young german democracy for: |
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Definition
| a humiliating peace treaty that identified Germany as responsible for he Great War and assigned reparation payments to the allies they hyperinflation of the early 1920s that wiped out the savings of the middle class; and the suffering brought on by the great Depression |
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Term
| the targets for the german hatred was targeted at |
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Definition
| lower middle class, ruined shopkeepers, impoverished farmers, discharged white-collar workers, and disenchanted students |
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Term
-began by eliminating all working class and liberal opposition
-suppressed the German communist and socialist parties and abrogated virtually all constitutional and civil rights
-replaced germany's federal structure with a highly centralized state
-guided the destruction of trade unions and the elimination of collective bargaining, subsequently prohibiting strikes and lockouts |
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Definition
| how the nazi party took over germany |
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Term
-through tax credits, special child allowances, and marriage loans, the authorities tried to encourage marriage and, procreation among young people
-at the same time, the regime outlawed abortions, restricted birth control devices and made it difficult to obtain information about family planning |
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Definition
| how nazis controlled birthrates |
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Term
| women who bore many children received the honor cross of the german mother in three classes |
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Definition
| bronze for those with more than four children, silver for those with more than six, and gold for those with more than eight |
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Term
| germans called these rewards |
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Definition
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Term
| the nazi party sterilized men and women who had |
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Definition
| schizophrenia, manic depression, hereditary blindness, hereditary deafness, and serious physical deformities |
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Term
| how many men and women were sterilized? |
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Definition
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Term
-was the most influential of all the associations dedicated to the struggle against British rule
-enlisted the support of many prominent Hindus and Muslims, at first stressed collaboration with the British to bring self-rule to india, but after the great war the congress pursued that goal in opposition to the British |
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Definition
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Term
| drew encouragement from ideas emanating from Washington D.C. and St.Petersburg |
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Definition
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Term
-embraced a moral philosophy of tolerance and nonviolence and developed the technique of passive resistance that he called satyagraha
-his belief in the virtue of simple living led him to renounce material possessions, dress in the garb of a simple Indian peasant, and become a vegetarian
-succeeded in transforming the Indian national congress from an elitist institution into a mass organization |
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Definition
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Term
| moral philosophy of tolerance and nonviolence |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the people of indian saw Gandhi as their spiritual leader, their mahatma, which means their |
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Definition
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Term
-although he was himself a member of the merchant caste, he was determined to eradicate the injustices of the caste system
-called on the indian people to boycott british goods and return to wearing homespun cotton clothing |
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Definition
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Term
| -were the untouchables of indian society and were called harijans, which meant |
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Definition
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Term
| under gahndi's leadership the congress launched two mass movements: |
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Definition
| the noncooperation movement of 1920-1922 and the civil disobedience movement of 1930 |
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Term
-gave indian the institution of a self-governing state
-allowed for the establishment of autonomous legislative bodies in the provinces of british india, the creation of a bicameral national legislature, and the formation of an executive arm under the control of the british government |
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Definition
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Term
-six hundred nominally sovereign princes refused to cooperate and because Muslims feared that Hindus would dominate the national legislature
-already faced economic control by hindus, a fact underlined during the great depression which had a severe impact on india |
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Definition
| why the Indian act didn't work |
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Term
| the anti-imperialist rheoric of the soviet leadership prompted the founding of the |
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Definition
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Term
-did not share the communists' enthusiasm for a dictatorship of the proletariat
-basic ideology called for the elimination of special privileges for foreigners, national reunification, economic development, and a democratic republican government based on universal suffrage
-he was determined to bring the entire country under the control of his nationalist people's party (guomindang) |
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Definition
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Term
-launched a political and military offensive, known as the Northern Expedition, that aimed to unify the nation and bring china under Guomindang rule
-brutally and unexpectedly turned against his former communist allies, bringing the alliance between the Guomindang and the CCP to a bloody end |
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Definition
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Term
| -nationalists forces occupied Beijing, and declared the Guomindang the official government of a unified and sovereign chinese state |
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Definition
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Term
-Japanese troops used explosives to blow up a few feet of rail on the Japanese-built south manchuria railway north of mukden, then accused the chinese of attacking their railroad
-became the pretext for war between japanese and chinese troops |
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Definition
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Term
| german imperialists had managed to carve out an african empire in |
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Definition
| togo, cameroon, german southwest africa, and german east africa |
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Term
| the one immediate consequence of war for africans in 1914 was that |
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Definition
| the allies invaded those german colonies |
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Term
| how did the germans defeat the allies in africa? |
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Definition
| resorting to guerrilla tactics |
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Term
| military service became compulsory for all males between the ages of twenty and twemty-eight in africa |
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Definition
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Term
| targeted europeans and their christian religion, declaring that "all europeans are our enemies, but the time is shortly coming when they will disappear from our country" |
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Definition
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Term
| part of process of global economic integration involved |
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Definition
| investment in infrastructures such as port facilitates, roads, railways, and telegraph wires |
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Term
| was used as an important tool to drive africans into the labor market |
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Definition
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Term
| when it came to farming communities in africa with mostly white settlers, they would |
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Definition
| expropriated african lands and grew cash crops themselves |
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Term
| prompted the emergence of a new african social class, sometimes called the "new Elite" |
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Definition
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Term
-derived its status from European-style education and employment in the colonial state, in foreign companies, or in christian missions
-consisted of civil servants, physicians, lawyers, and writers who had studies abroad in western europe or the united states
-all members spoke and understood the language of the colonizer and outwardly adopted the cultural norms of the colonizer, such as wearing european-style clothes or adopting european names |
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Definition
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Term
-spent almost fifteen years in europe, during which time he attended various schools
-led kenya to independence from the british |
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Definition
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Term
-frequently embraced european concept of nation as a means of forging unity among disparate african groups
-looked to the precolonial past for inspiration
-they found identities based on ethnicity,religion, and languages, and they believed that any future nation must reconstitute distinctively african spiritual and political institutions |
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Definition
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Term
-race put a strain on african nationalism
-originated in the western hemisphere among the descendants of slaves |
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Definition
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Term
-he transformed latin america ideology through his murals
-reflected the turmoil and shifting political sensibilities taking place during the great war and its aftermath
-blended his artistic and political visions in vast political visions in vast public murals in Mexico's cities |
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Definition
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Term
| rivera depicted massive guns and tanks extending over the New York Stock Exchange |
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Definition
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Term
| policymakers instituted certain innovations that nonetheless called into question any true change of heart among U.S. neocolonialists |
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Definition
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Term
-guaranteed U.S. financial control in the carribbean economics of Hati and the Dominican Republic
-U.S. provided training for indigenous police forces to keep the peace and maintain law and order |
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Definition
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