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| 1) centralized political power 2) social classes - determine access to resources 3) occupational specialization 4) coercive military or police force 5) official religion 6) multiple levels of decision making - bureaucracy 7) writing or complex record keeping 8) urban centers controlling periphery **not possible without food production and surplus |
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| occupational specialization |
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| nothing is possible without agriculture - farming creates surplus which allows some people the opportunity not to farm, but create something else *result of agricultural surplus |
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Jordan Valley 10,000 - 8200 BC
became specialists in cereal crops [from hunters to intensive foragers] stone-lined villages, sedentary lifestyle (round house) *first to develop agriculture - more sense of local identity; harvested grain but did not plant seeds; egalitarian society |
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| 8000 BC oldest town on earth "super village" Spring of moses, pre-pottery neolithic A (8500-7300 BC) stone wall and circular tower 30ft high; pre-pottery neolithic B (7300-6500 BC) - plastered human skulls |
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| 6500-5400 BC Southern Central Turkey - Anatolia; a dense honeycomb settlement, featured rooms covered with wall paintings and sculptures of wild bulls, hunters and pregnant women; access to Hasan Das volcano obsidian; agriculture of wheat, peas, almonds; husbandry of cattle, sheep; intense ritual activity; little status marking - graves; first use of mud brick , large rectangular buildings |
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| 5000-3000 BC Yellow River Valley - named after certain pottery with geometric designs; millet-based agriculture, supplemental hunting & fishing; painted pottery (black & red) villages w/ semi-subterranean houses (Banpo) small status differences; discovered by JG Anderson in 1920s |
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Key Yanshao site 50,000 sq m surrounded by a ditch
cemetery outside village walls |
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| 5500-4000 BC South China Zhejang - house on stilts; earliest woven silk; laquer vessels; people were very sophisticated - site was waterlogged and preserved; cultivated rice |
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| 10,000-300 BC Affluent hunter-gatherers - ate good meat and shellfish most of year; semi-sedentary & sedentary living; earliest pottery in the world 10,000 BC; huts mostly circular, "long house site" - holes for storage; flame-style pottery; figurines |
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| no status or gender differentiation represented by circular huts and signs of communal property - prevalent in bands of hunter-gatherers and some tribes |
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| Judeo-Christian view of history |
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| Divine Creation; linear history, not cyclical; known trajectory (determinism); prophecy; punctuated by unique events *degeneration: since creation, world will end soon with return of Christ; no progress in technology or lifestyle --medieval view |
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| 1818-1881 Lawyer & legislator in New York State, expert in Native American kinship; publilshed Ancient SOciety (1877); Ethnographic analogy - our modern day ancestors *Divided history into "Ethnical Periods" -savagery, barbarism, and civilization; materialism: the advance to each stage caused by a technological invention |
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| 1650-1800 Intellectual movement late 17th &18thc in France: use of reason, psychic unity, ethnographic analogy, progress; change from thoughts of degeneration; men thought to be rational beings; begins with Italian Renaissance; decline of Church authority - humanism- reformation-rise of science; Change in views of God, reason, nature |
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| "All men are created equal" everyone has the innate capacities to use reason, understand, progress - Basic tenet of Enlightenment |
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stimulated by economic growth
improvement in lifestyles
ethnographic analogy - seeing mroe primitive peoples
progress possible in every aspect of life eliminating ignorance, passion, superstition
results from application of reason |
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| cultivation vs agriculture vs domestication |
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cultivation: the intentional growing of plants from seeds, bulbs, or shoots
agriculture: systemic human efforts to modify the environment of plants and aimals to increase their productivty and usefulness
domestication: manipulation of plants and animals sufficient to cause genetic or morphological changes. A symbiotic relationship develops between human plant or animal species. |
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| Palestine to Persian Gulf, rich soils and regular rainfall, the res played a leading role in the domestication of wild grasses and the taming of animals important to humans |
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| (r. 1792-1750 BC) an amorite "of great family" Most famous ruler of Mesopotamia. Law Code of Hammurabi copied for many years used diplomacy for conquest. Est. military governors in each of the city states who would report back to him. Law code is the longest inscription in all of Mesopotamian history, 300 laws - many ritual actions and oaths "shepherd of the people" *eye for an eye concept |
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| (2334-2279 BC)"legitimate ruler" conquered all other city-states of Sumeria & ruled all of Mesopotamia - King of Kings founder of first empire. Moses-like legend. daughter, first poet; grandson, Naram-Sin |
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(2334-2193 BC)First empire - Sargon the Great, speak Akkadian (semetic language)
conquered by nomadic tribe Gutiens |
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| (2254-2230 BC) grandson of Sargon the Great - First to declare himself a God, god of Akkadians legend has it that the Gods were angered by this heresy and brought the destruction of Akkadians |
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(2112-2004 BC) first royal tombs, est. by Ur-Nammu [even bigger than Sargon] first zigurrat.
Destroyed by amorites - western nomads who conquered all of the city-states |
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Predynastic Period Wall & cemetery; about 100 ppl/km 400 yrs later 10x increase in pop. density.
Ceramics I geometric patterns II wealthier ceramics, stone vases w/ gold handles |
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| acropolis, did not take long to build, The "Great Bath," large streets, bustling city w/ artists, merchants & citizens, houses were eequipped w/ drains, connected to sewer & water wells. Priest King statues |
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| 770-660 in size, buildings made of stone, huge water reservoirs, no more than few 1000 ppl, also had citadel |
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| (2600-1900 BCE) citadel mand w/ other mands around it; each subtown surrounded by walls - large, planned cities appear suddenly, cover 1.25 million sq km; writing still undeciphered, seals poetry, plaques, 396 symbols; no written evidence of what their society was like; camelian traded Indus Valley lapis lazuli N. Afghanistan |
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| Cascajal block, discovered 1999 at quarry near Olmec site of San Lorenzo 1200-900 BC; 62 signs (28 distinct); similarities to Olmec iconography |
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logogram: a sign for a complete word maybe pictographic or conventional
pictogram: logogram that seems to depict an actual object |
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| logogram used to represent something that is hard to draw & sounds the same e.g. Bee + leaf = belief |
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| 196 BC. A stone with writing on it in 2 languages: Egyptian and Greek. Jean-Francois Champoilion decipheres hieroglyphs in 1822. He could read both Greek & coptic and was therefor able to decipher the languages comparatively |
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| According to Morgan...commenced with infancy of human race and ended with the invention of the art of pottery broken into: Lower [ended w/acquisition of a fish subsistence and of knowledge of the use of fire], Middle [ended w/ invention of bow & arrow], Upper [ended w/ invention of the art of pottery] |
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| According to Morgan...commenced w/ manufacture of pottery and ended w/ invention of phonetic alphabet & use of writing in literary composition. Broken down into: Lower [ended w/ cultivation of maize & plants by irrigation, together w/ use of adobe brick & stone in house building, Middle [ended w/ invention of the process of smelting iron ore], and Upper [ended w/ record keeping] |
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| commenced w/ literary records and divides into Ancient and Modern |
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Argues that evolution continues within human societies. John Lubbock (1834-1913) social darwinist
-rejects psychic unity (scientific racism begins)
-Europenas most fit for survival
-middle class most evolved
-primitive peoples depraved, wretched, stupid & dirty
-justified imperialism and racism |
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| Karl Marx & the structure of society |
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Marxism: class conflict leads to revolution but warfare does not create classes
Infrastructure: determines what kind of society you have - forces of production (social aspect & distribution)
superstructure: consists of all the ideas; determined by Infrastructure - reinforces existing relations of production - religion & laws mystify contradiction & protect status quo
When superstructure cannot supress the evolution of infrastructure revolution occurs - conflict becomes too great to manage, new social formation will occur |
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| Marxist stages of history |
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-Tribal (primitive communism - village society)
-Asiatic (hydraulic civilization)
-Ancient (Greek & Roman) slave society
-Feudal (medieval Europe)
-Bourgeois capitalist (current)
-Communist (future) |
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Civilizations whose agriculture was dependent upon large-scale waterworks for irrigation and flood control were called "hydraulic civilizations" by the German-American historian Karl A. Wittfogel in his book Oriental Despotism (1957).
Wittfogel believed that such "hydraulic civilizations" – although neither all in the Orient nor characteristic of all Oriental societies – were quite different from those of the West. He believed that wherever irrigation required substantial and centralized control, government representatives monopolized political power and dominated the economy, resulting in an absolutist managerial state. In addition, there was a close identification of these officials with the dominant religion and an atrophy of other centres of power. The forced labour for irrigation projects was directed by the bureaucratic network. Among these hydraulic civilizations, Wittfogel listed ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China and pre-Columbian Mexico and Peru. |
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(1927- ) American anthropologist, critique of voluntaristic theories [i.e. social contract]
*warfare is prime mover in state formation
-environmental circumscription (prime land bounded by mountains, seas or deserts)
-populations growth (fissioning0
-warfare (over land)
-social evolution - classes, Poli evolution - bureaucracy
-resource concentration
-social circumscription (high density of population) |
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Robert Carneiro's environmental circumscription theory does not cover all cases [i.e. amazon, China] -concentration of key areas tantamount to circumscription
"steep ecological gradient" |
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-high densities of population around area as constraining as mountains and deserts
-w/ pop. increase: reduction in size of territory of each village, warfare over land.. |
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society as an organism "good at steering"
-systems function based on feedback between parts
-system strives to maintain equilibrium - homeostasis
-forms of feedback in cultural systems
(see positive and negative feedback) |
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| cybernetic system - negative feedback |
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-Homeostasis is maintained despite fluctuating external input
-the change in input alters the output
-new output compensates for input change
-system returns to homeostasis
ex: human temp & infanticide |
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| cybernetic systems - positive feedback |
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-part of the output feeds back into input
-"runaway effect"
-Leads to irreversible change in system
-morphogenesis
i.s. microphone near speaker at concert, Wittfogel's irrigation theory |
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| peer polity interaction model |
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-societies in competition
-competition for resources and trade leads to greater complexity among all
-several stated arise together
Chinese interaction sphere theory of K.C. Chang, interaction among different groups that lead to warfare & conquest; the full range of exchanges taking place -- including imitation, emulation, competition, warfare, and the exchange of material goods and information -- between autonomous (self-governing) sociopolitical units, generally within the same geographic region. |
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some cultures dealt an initial "better hand," some had better ideology "game strategy," advantage "steam rolls"
Game theory of Barry Kemp - Egypt
-access to advantageous resources boosts growth
-winner has better ideology |
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(3600-3100 BC) Along Euphrates, evidence for earliest state level societies
-social classes/occupational specialization
-monumental architecture & city walls
-importance of temple
Mosaic made of ceramic cones, also show up in Egypt - sign of Mesopotamian influence; cylinder seals - demonstrates economic relations & ownership; mud brick |
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(2850-2334 BC) enter fully literate period, many rival states, each w/ palace & temple
-palace has secular & military power
-temple has economic power
one group often has hegemony over others
Egypt? |
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(c. 2649-2152 BC)Egypt
capital at Memphis, Burials at Saggara
-Time of Pyramids, Giza
-First Int. Period (c.2150-2040 BC)
Step Pyramid of Djoser I, King of Third Dynasty at Saqqara 2649 BC |
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(2040-1640 BC) Egypt
-Capital at Thebes
-Developmentof Delta area & oases
-Conquests and trade to Nubia, Syria & Lybia
-Golden Age of Egyptian Literature
-Collapsed under ecological stress
-2nd Int. Period (16440-1550 BC)
Hyksos in Delta
Chariot, bronze tech
*brought tech. innovations |
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Contains some of earliest hierglyphic inscriptions ever found
depicts unification of Upper & Lower Egypt under King Narmer |
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(1550-1070 BC)Height of Egyptian Civilization, capital at Thebes, expansion to empire, burials in valley of Kings, Deir el-Medina
Major Pharoahs:
-Hatshepsut (r. 1479-1458) 1st femal pharaoh
-Thutmosis III (r. 1479 [1458]-1425]
-Akhenaten (r. 1353-1335 BC) heretic pharaoh, heretic -instituted monotheistic worship of Aten
-Tutankhamen (r.1333-23BC)King tut? old religion & est. power
-Ramses II (1279-1213 BC)greatest builder |
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